In the late nineteenth century, aspects of living were developing and changing to become more urbanized and dependent on machinery. Everyone was effected in some way by the rapidly advancing technologies and urbanization, especially those who were members of the working or middle classes. Those people who had previously been working in small, specialized shops were put out of business by factories that could produce more and sell for less. The middle-class people who were owners of such factories and against such movements as socialism ultimately benefited from the changes that swept across Europe. The technological and urban transformations that occurred in late nineteenth century Europe mostly hindered the working class population, but helped the middle class rise to an even greater position of power.
Technological advancements changed how the mechanisms of work in nineteenth century Europe functioned. Before the introduction of steam powered engines, people were not capable of commuting to work.The factories had to employ hundreds of people to stay up and running, but each and every single one of those people needed a place to retire to after the work day was ended. The places around factories and even the factories themselves were crowded, dingy, and riddled with disease because so many people lived close together in cramped quarters. This was no longer a problem when steam powered locomotives were manufactured. Figure 1 depicts a compartment of a typical train that would take people to their jobs. This type of impressionism was most likely drawn by someone of the working class, or someone who had experienced a locomotive ride previously. In reaction to the development of steam powered travel, spaces around factories opened up and more sanitary living conditions were established. In this way, the working class was benefited by the technological transformation.
The working class was not benefited completely by the technological and urban transformations. The scene that is depicted in Figure 1 does not appear to be a happy one. Many of the people riding the train seem to be of the poor, working class. They are emaciated and tired, which signifies that the technological transformations did not aid in their fight for better working hours and higher wages. There are a few men in the painting who appear to be more wealthy than all of the others, but they are distinctly separate from the rest of the people. This can be linked to how socialism was not as successful as the socialists had hoped, because there are still people who have dominance over others. A few select people still had ruling power and authority over the masses, and the working class were aware of this. The working class people of Europe did not like the technological and urban transformations completely.
The middle class factory owners basked in the light that the urban and technological revolutions gave off. Their lives were made easier and more efficient with the advent of technologies. Figure 2 provides contrast to the Figure 1. It appears to have been painted by someone of the higher class, as it is uniform and sharp. Everyone in the picture is dressed in fancy clothes, hinting that they are all wealthy. One of the most striking features of the painting are the items that are in the hand of everyone in it. It is raining and everyone is holding an umbrella, what's more, it appears that every umbrella is identical. This has the connotation of mass production on an assembly line. The painter revels in this fact of uniformity and wealth. They are praising the technological advancements, because they have benefited from it.
The technological and urban transformations that spread across Europe in the late nineteenth century left no class untouched. Everyone felt some effect of the changes, and much of it was felt in different ways. The working class was left unsettled because they were not completely benefited. The middle class factory owners enjoyed the pleasures of the transformations.
Friday, March 25, 2011
Monday, March 21, 2011
Advances in Medicine from the Scientific Revolution Onwards until the 19th Century
The Scientific Revolution was a time when many branches of science developed and became more modernized in a relatively short amount of time. While many of these ideas had been changing and developing for centuries beforehand and only saw a rapid evolution in the Scientific Revolution, medicine had been static almost since its creation. Many ideas that had been established early on in the field of medicine had been accepted as fact and nothing was ever done to prove these notions as either correct or incorrect. The collective teachings of Aristotle and Galen comprised the basics of the human knowledge on the subject of medicine. Much of what they taught relied on their limited understanding of logic, physics, and ethics. The four elements and the planets were thought to control the inner workings of the human body. This type of inability and unwillingness to change the established philosophies made it difficult for advances to come about in the field of medicine. Things did not begin to change until the Scientific Revolution. There were quite a few catalysts that called for the need for advances to be made. New diseases were arising, and since older medicinal properties did not have any information on these illnesses, medicine had to change to accommodate for the new ideas. The reason that medical theory in the Scientific Revolution advanced rapidly was because it broke away from its ancient roots of simply maintaining overall health in the body and became more focused on the prevention and curing of diseases.
Aelius “Galen” Galenus was a Greek physician, anatomist, and physiologist. Many of his ideas were presented into the medical community and remained intact for centuries after him. Many of his ideas were based off of Aristotelian methods and his natural philosophy. Both scientists believed that the body’s overall health could be gauged by knowing the levels of four of the humours that were thought to be present in every living human being. These humours were black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. If a person’s levels were off, they were said to have been sick and given the basic medicine that was given to everyone at the time. Galen and Aristotle analyzed the body and the world around them in terms of four basic elements, those of air, earth, fire, and water. Aristotle declared that only four elements existed: “Fire, air, water and earth. All matter is made up of these four elements and matter had four properties: hot, cold, dry and wet" (“History of Chemistry”). These ideas were still being relied on up until the Scientific Revolution. It is terribly difficult to achieve much in medicine when only four elements are thought to exist. A great change had to come about in order to make medicine more modernized.
In the past, overall health was maintained by keeping the humours of the body at regulation levels. This practice all but ceased to exist as soon as new diseases began to arise. One of the first of such new diseases was syphilis. None of the ancient texts on which the medical community had been basing their knowledge off of had any information of such a disease as syphilis. The types of medicines that were available to people in those times did nothing to combat syphilis. Something new had to be created if the human population was not to be decimated by an outbreak of a terrible disease. The name for syphilis was made in a poem by Girolamo Francastoro. This shows how little the medical community knew about what caused diseases. There were no scientific classifications for diseases. With the Scientific Revolution came the advent of a revolution in medical thought and practice.
The arrival to the New World brought with it even more new disease. But there were also plants that had medicinal properties and were used to make new medicines. Diseases were given to explorers from people who were native to the New World, and when the explorers returned to Europe, their disease was transferred to the rest of the populous. These new diseases screamed for new ideas to arise in medicine because if they did not, an entire population may have been wiped out by a single virus. Specialized doctors were needed; doctors who learned specific information of one disease. This was the beginning of structured medicine, one of the key factors to modern medicine.
Friday, March 18, 2011
FRQ
Contrast Mazzini and Garibaldi's revolutionary views with those of revolutionaries in France.
The unification of Italy involved many skilled tactics from people who worked towards change. This was not dissimilar from the basis of the French Revolution. In each case, the lowest class in the area was the focal point. However, there ideas of what the lower class's purpose was were different. In the French Revolution, the main issue was that the lowest class could function on their own and were, in their own right, the superior class. Garibaldi and Mazzini did not think that southern Italy was more important than northern Italy, but they did want to have equal rights. The French Revolution and the unification of Italy, while similar in some respects, did not have similar views concerning the lowest class in their area.
The French Revolution was started because the upper classes locked the lower class out of a meeting. The lower class held their own meeting on a tennis court. Pamphlets had been written and passed around explaining how the lowest class could be self-sufficient and did not need the other classes in order to be successful. This thought was integral to the formation of the French Revolution. The people in lower classes exploded out into the streets to try and get everyone to see their views. This came to be known as the Terror, with many lower class people murdering the people that were in higher classes than them. They were trying to get all of the people who were opposed to their views out of their country. The French Revolution was caused by revolutionaries who wanted the lower class to be the only class left in France.
The unification of Italy played out in a much different way than the French Revolution. There were revolutionaries who worked towards rallying the lower class of Italy, which was similar to the beginnings of the French Revolution. However, the ideas behind the congregation of the lower classes were different. Garibaldi acted as a missionary for Cavour in the south. Cavour did not particularly like Garibaldi, so he sent him to the south to do unification work there. Garibaldi, having grown up in the poor and agricultural south, immediately knew how the unification of Italy could benefit the lower class living there. He saw the need for basic things that the industrialized north took for granted. Many of these ideas, such as the right to vote, were ideas that were a part of democracy. Garibaldi understood that the lower class would never be as important as the north, but he wanted to give them the basic rights that they deserved.
The unification of Italy and the French Revolution had different ideas that related to the lower class. In the case of the French Revolution, many of the revolutionists were also a part of the lower class. People such as Garibaldi and Mazzini were no longer members of the lower class, but they did understand their woes. Mazzini collected a group of lower class citizens and formed them into a unit known as the red shirts in an effort to forcibly gain rights, but this was soon crushed by the superior powers of Cavour and Prussia. This uprising was similar to the Terror, but much less effective. Italian lower class citizens would not be able to rebel against the suppression forced upon them by their government as easily as the French had. They had to try different tactics and form new ideas in order to be successful. The lower classes in France and Italy were hardly the same.
The French Revolution and the unification of Italy were both spurred by the lower class. In many areas, the lower class was the catalyst that brought about change. This was more so in the French Revolution than in the unification of Italy. The poor people in both areas had different demands and brought about change in different ways.
The unification of Italy involved many skilled tactics from people who worked towards change. This was not dissimilar from the basis of the French Revolution. In each case, the lowest class in the area was the focal point. However, there ideas of what the lower class's purpose was were different. In the French Revolution, the main issue was that the lowest class could function on their own and were, in their own right, the superior class. Garibaldi and Mazzini did not think that southern Italy was more important than northern Italy, but they did want to have equal rights. The French Revolution and the unification of Italy, while similar in some respects, did not have similar views concerning the lowest class in their area.
The French Revolution was started because the upper classes locked the lower class out of a meeting. The lower class held their own meeting on a tennis court. Pamphlets had been written and passed around explaining how the lowest class could be self-sufficient and did not need the other classes in order to be successful. This thought was integral to the formation of the French Revolution. The people in lower classes exploded out into the streets to try and get everyone to see their views. This came to be known as the Terror, with many lower class people murdering the people that were in higher classes than them. They were trying to get all of the people who were opposed to their views out of their country. The French Revolution was caused by revolutionaries who wanted the lower class to be the only class left in France.
The unification of Italy played out in a much different way than the French Revolution. There were revolutionaries who worked towards rallying the lower class of Italy, which was similar to the beginnings of the French Revolution. However, the ideas behind the congregation of the lower classes were different. Garibaldi acted as a missionary for Cavour in the south. Cavour did not particularly like Garibaldi, so he sent him to the south to do unification work there. Garibaldi, having grown up in the poor and agricultural south, immediately knew how the unification of Italy could benefit the lower class living there. He saw the need for basic things that the industrialized north took for granted. Many of these ideas, such as the right to vote, were ideas that were a part of democracy. Garibaldi understood that the lower class would never be as important as the north, but he wanted to give them the basic rights that they deserved.
The unification of Italy and the French Revolution had different ideas that related to the lower class. In the case of the French Revolution, many of the revolutionists were also a part of the lower class. People such as Garibaldi and Mazzini were no longer members of the lower class, but they did understand their woes. Mazzini collected a group of lower class citizens and formed them into a unit known as the red shirts in an effort to forcibly gain rights, but this was soon crushed by the superior powers of Cavour and Prussia. This uprising was similar to the Terror, but much less effective. Italian lower class citizens would not be able to rebel against the suppression forced upon them by their government as easily as the French had. They had to try different tactics and form new ideas in order to be successful. The lower classes in France and Italy were hardly the same.
The French Revolution and the unification of Italy were both spurred by the lower class. In many areas, the lower class was the catalyst that brought about change. This was more so in the French Revolution than in the unification of Italy. The poor people in both areas had different demands and brought about change in different ways.
Wednesday, March 16, 2011
March Unification of Italy
Realism
- Did not depict Church of royalty
- Instead, realist paintings focussed on normal people going about their daily lives
- One of the things that made the paintings seem like real life was that people's faces were not always shown, as if the viewer was seeing them in real life.
Unification of Italy
- Europe abolished romanticism and set to business creating alliances
- Italy had long been the most convoluted place in Europe
- France developed into a nation, the Holy Roman Empire reorganized, Prussia was becoming an Empire, and Russia became the ultimate absolute monarchy, Italy was a conglomerate of small states that were mostly ruled by outside powers.
- The Vatican is being ignored, but is very important to the unification of Italy
- The Pope wrote official documents against the political philosophy of liberalism
- Mazzini tried to unify Italy, but failed in 1848
- Some of his followers were to carry on this effort
- In the 19th century, Italy was divided into a dozen areas, each one politically different from the others
- Italy was split between north and south
- The north was prosperous and industrialized
- The south was poor and agricultural
- There was only one independent Italian state- Piedmont Sardinia
- It was ruled by Emmanuel "Victor Emmanuel"
- He became king in 1848, after the failed northern revolutions
- He appointed Camillo de Cavour as prime minister in 1852
- Cavour came from a liberal, aristocratic background
- Cavour put a plan into action:
- He saw that the Italian economy needed to change
- He tries to have the government and the banks supply more credit to investors
- He goes outside of Italy looking to attract investors into the Italian market
- He built railroads, which were the lifeline of the distribution of goods
- In order to unify Italy, he thought that he would have to do something about the Church's influence in politics
- He put taxes on the Church
- He put the Church under civil laws
- He did something with bishops
- The influence of Mazzini was also present
- The south agreed with Mazzini's message
- He wanted the right to have a job, to vote, and to have an honest day's work
- Mazzini had preached for democracy
- Mazzini appealed to the poor and working classes in southern Italy, the Slavs, and all of the downtrodden people struggling to make a living.
- Mazzini's tried to incite the same feelings as the south had in Lombardy
- Cavour retaliated by appealing to Prussia, who crushed the rebellion
- Cavour negotiated trade agreements with Britain and France
- In exchange for the agreement with France, Piedmont fought within the alliance during the Crimean War
- Piedmont was afraid that Russia was going to invade.
- They make an agreement with France to give them land from Italy as long as the French promise to keep the Russians out of Italy
- Cavour called out Austria and dared them to attack
- They do, and Piedmont and France fight against Austria
- The French and Piedmont forces defeat Austria, but Germany is still in the way
- Louis Napoleon is nervous that if he goes too far into a war with Austria, France will occupy Austria.
- He does not want to bring Germany into the mix
- Louis Napoleon made his own peace treaties with the Austrians: The treaty of Villafranca
- The Italians give Austria Lombardy
- Piedmont then gets Lombardy, but Austria keeps Venito
- Garibaldi became the second coming of Mazzini
- Garibaldi had been exiled
- Cavour brought Garibaldi back to Italy and financed his expeditions
- Garibaldi comes to southern Italy
- The people, especially the poor, support Garibaldi
- His following becomes known as the red shirts. He claims Sicily in the name of Victor Emmanuel.
- Cavour does not want Garibaldi in the North, so he orders him to stay in the South and do his work there
- A plebiscite is made that states that Emmanuel is officially able to make a union of the North and the South- excluding Venice and the surrounding areas which were owned by Austria. Rome was also not included because of its association with the Pope
- The Pope excommunicated every union leader
- 1861- Emmanuel became the king of the United Italy
- Garibaldi is happy with this and retires
- Cavour died
- Austria and Prussia go to war
- Italy sides with Prussia and Prussia wins
- For thanks, Prussia gives Italy the Venito
- This happened again in a different war, and for thanks again, Prussia kicked the French out of Rome.
- Emmanuel's force invades Roma and makes it the capital of Italy
- When Emmanuel's forces go into Rome they do not tell everyone what to do
- They put decisions up to a vote: Do they want to become citizens of Italy or stay under the Pope?
- They go to Italy
- The outcomes of all of this
- Since Italy was new to nationhood, the democracy was limited and the authority still rested heavily upon the kingship
- There was great disparity between the north and the south of Italy
Tuesday, March 15, 2011
Final Draft of Outline
Thesis: The reason that medical theory in the Scientific Revolution advanced rapidly was because it broke away from its ancient roots of simply maintaining overall health in the body and became more focused on the prevention and curing of diseases.
Definitions:
Galen: Greek physician,anatomist, and physiologist. He codified existing medical knowledge and his authority continued until the Renaissance
Aristotelianism: The philosophy of Aristotle that deals with logic and metaphysics and ethics and poetics and politics and natural science;
"Aristotelianism profoundly influenced Western thought"
Cauterization: burn the skin or flesh of (a wound ) with a heated instrument or caustic substance, typically to stop bleeding or prevent the wound from becoming infected.
Humours: each of the four chief fluids of the body (blood, phlegm, yellow bile [choler], and black bile [melancholy]) that were thought to determine a person's physical and mental qualities by the relative proportions in which they were present.
Will have to add definitions of certain diseases, specialized equipment, and techniques as needed.
Sources:
Modern History Sourcebook will provide many primary sources
Paintings and journal entries of patients and doctors will also be used as primary sources.
Dictionaries (Oxford and American Heritage) will be used for definitions
Secondary sources such as Suite101, Wikisites and Sparknotes will be used until primary sources with more reliable information are found.
Body Paragraphs
I. Galenic methods and practices were becoming obsolete, and new ideas were being ushered in
A. He had thought that a true physician was also a philosopher and this influenced his thoughts
B. Galenic practices were comparable to Aristotle's natural philosophy
1. Analyzed the body in terms of air, earth, water, and fire
2. "Aristotle declares the existence of only four elements: fire, air, water and earth. All matter is made up of these four elements and matter had four properties: hot, cold, dry and wet" ("History of Chemistry") C. In the Scientific Revolution, cures for sicknesses were being found, rather than maintaining balance.
II. Syphilis, thought to be a new disease, caused a new branch of science to develop
A. A cure for syphilis had to be found, as the ancients seemed to have no information on it.
B. The traditional methods and medicine did little to syphilis.
C. The name for syphilis was given to it in a poem
The author of this poem was Girolamo Francastoro
He also theorized about a possible cause for the disease.
III. The New World directly influenced medicine
A. Syphilis was thought to be brought from the New World, as were many other diseases.
B. Plants with medicinal properties were said to be native to the New World
1. These plants could be used by physician- ground up and used as virtually anything
IV. Paracelsus advocated for the use of chemicals in medicine
A. His views were that everything relied on the harmony of man
1. Each planet corresponded to a metal, which corresponded to a part of the body
2. http://www.sacred-texts.com/alc/coelum.htm B. Sickness were caused by chemical reactions and could be cured with the same basic principles.
V. Sterilization
A. It was not known exactly what infections could be contracted when dirty instruments were used on the human body, but it was not an accepted practices
B. The main method of sterilization was cauterization- burning the blood vessels shut
http://web.archive.org/web/19970713085715/http://www.uab.edu/reynolds/Vesal.html
VI. The heart and its importance
A. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1628harvey-blood.html
VII. Vesalius and anatomy
A. Considered himself a scientific "progressive"
B. Worked mainly with cadavers to discover the secrets of the human body
"should be recalled from the dead, so that if it did not achieve with us a greater perfection that at any other place or time among the old teachers of anatomy" (Vesalius)
VIII. Conclusion
The ideas of many men in the Scientific Revolution shaped traditional medicine. They renounced most of the old views of ancient medical figures. Great advances in medicine were made in the Scientific Revolution.
Sources:
Paracelsus, . (n.d.). Coelum philosophorum. Retrieved from http://www.sacred-texts.com/alc/coelum.htm
History of chemistry. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.columbia.edu/itc/chemistry/chem-c2507/navbar/chemhist.html
D'Atri, M. (n.d.). The 17th century: scientific revolution. circulation of the blood. the doctrine of contagion. witch hunting.. Retrieved from http://medicina.unica.it/biblio/lesson4.htm
Harvey, W. . (n.d.). On the motion of the heart and blood in animals. Retrieved from http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1628harvey-blood.html
Vesalius, A. . (Artist). De humani corporis fabrica. [Web]. Retrieved from http://web.archive.org/web/19970713085715/http://www.uab.edu/reynolds/Vesal.html
Vesalius, A. . (n.d.). De fabrica. Retrieved from http://www.hsl.virginia.edu/historical/artifacts/antiqua/vesalius.cfm
http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/ufhatch/pages/03-sci-rev/sci-rev-home/resource-ref-read/sci-rev-primary/sr-prim-index.htm
http://guides.library.yale.edu/content.php?pid=79301&sid=660176
Definitions:
Galen: Greek physician,anatomist, and physiologist. He codified existing medical knowledge and his authority continued until the Renaissance
Aristotelianism: The philosophy of Aristotle that deals with logic and metaphysics and ethics and poetics and politics and natural science;
"Aristotelianism profoundly influenced Western thought"
Cauterization: burn the skin or flesh of (a wound ) with a heated instrument or caustic substance, typically to stop bleeding or prevent the wound from becoming infected.
Humours: each of the four chief fluids of the body (blood, phlegm, yellow bile [choler], and black bile [melancholy]) that were thought to determine a person's physical and mental qualities by the relative proportions in which they were present.
Will have to add definitions of certain diseases, specialized equipment, and techniques as needed.
Sources:
Modern History Sourcebook will provide many primary sources
Paintings and journal entries of patients and doctors will also be used as primary sources.
Dictionaries (Oxford and American Heritage) will be used for definitions
Secondary sources such as Suite101, Wikisites and Sparknotes will be used until primary sources with more reliable information are found.
Body Paragraphs
I. Galenic methods and practices were becoming obsolete, and new ideas were being ushered in
A. He had thought that a true physician was also a philosopher and this influenced his thoughts
B. Galenic practices were comparable to Aristotle's natural philosophy
1. Analyzed the body in terms of air, earth, water, and fire
2. "Aristotle declares the existence of only four elements: fire, air, water and earth. All matter is made up of these four elements and matter had four properties: hot, cold, dry and wet" ("History of Chemistry") C. In the Scientific Revolution, cures for sicknesses were being found, rather than maintaining balance.
II. Syphilis, thought to be a new disease, caused a new branch of science to develop
A. A cure for syphilis had to be found, as the ancients seemed to have no information on it.
B. The traditional methods and medicine did little to syphilis.
C. The name for syphilis was given to it in a poem
The author of this poem was Girolamo Francastoro
He also theorized about a possible cause for the disease.
III. The New World directly influenced medicine
A. Syphilis was thought to be brought from the New World, as were many other diseases.
B. Plants with medicinal properties were said to be native to the New World
1. These plants could be used by physician- ground up and used as virtually anything
IV. Paracelsus advocated for the use of chemicals in medicine
A. His views were that everything relied on the harmony of man
1. Each planet corresponded to a metal, which corresponded to a part of the body
2. http://www.sacred-texts.com/alc/coelum.htm B. Sickness were caused by chemical reactions and could be cured with the same basic principles.
V. Sterilization
A. It was not known exactly what infections could be contracted when dirty instruments were used on the human body, but it was not an accepted practices
B. The main method of sterilization was cauterization- burning the blood vessels shut
http://web.archive.org/web/19970713085715/http://www.uab.edu/reynolds/Vesal.html
VI. The heart and its importance
A. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1628harvey-blood.html
VII. Vesalius and anatomy
A. Considered himself a scientific "progressive"
B. Worked mainly with cadavers to discover the secrets of the human body
"should be recalled from the dead, so that if it did not achieve with us a greater perfection that at any other place or time among the old teachers of anatomy" (Vesalius)
VIII. Conclusion
The ideas of many men in the Scientific Revolution shaped traditional medicine. They renounced most of the old views of ancient medical figures. Great advances in medicine were made in the Scientific Revolution.
Sources:
Paracelsus, . (n.d.). Coelum philosophorum. Retrieved from http://www.sacred-texts.com/alc/coelum.htm
History of chemistry. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.columbia.edu/itc/chemistry/chem-c2507/navbar/chemhist.html
D'Atri, M. (n.d.). The 17th century: scientific revolution. circulation of the blood. the doctrine of contagion. witch hunting.. Retrieved from http://medicina.unica.it/biblio/lesson4.htm
Harvey, W. . (n.d.). On the motion of the heart and blood in animals. Retrieved from http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1628harvey-blood.html
Vesalius, A. . (Artist). De humani corporis fabrica. [Web]. Retrieved from http://web.archive.org/web/19970713085715/http://www.uab.edu/reynolds/Vesal.html
Vesalius, A. . (n.d.). De fabrica. Retrieved from http://www.hsl.virginia.edu/historical/artifacts/antiqua/vesalius.cfm
http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/ufhatch/pages/03-sci-rev/sci-rev-home/resource-ref-read/sci-rev-primary/sr-prim-index.htm
http://guides.library.yale.edu/content.php?pid=79301&sid=660176
Monday, March 14, 2011
Kaplan Review
- C
- A
- D
- B C
- B
- B A
- A D
- C B
- E
- E C
- A E
- A
- B C
- E B
- C D
- E D
- A
- B
- C
- A
Romanticism FRQ
The era of Romanticism in Europe was a dramatic shift from what had come to be expected. The Romantic period focussed more on the importance of the powers of the mind than other periods had. The Romantics believed that within each and every person there existed a great power that had to be unlocked. Many artists, poets, and musicians seemed to have unlocked this power and produced works that were revered by the populous. The Romantic period was a bit more morose and tragic, but some believed that this is what it took to unlock the great power from within. Romanticism provided a contrast to many Enlightenment ideals and focussed on the powers of the human mind and the interconnectedness of all people to their world.
Many Romanticism ideas challenged what was previously thought to be fact during the Enlightenment. During the Enlightenment, everything was thought to be a gift bestowed upon humanity by God. During the Romantic age, God became little more than a name with hardly any connotation associated with it. Everything created in the world was said to come from within the human body. The Romantics believed that every person was connected to each other and everyone was connected to the world around them in some way or another. Great ideas were no longer given to people as if from a sign of God, rather they were hidden deep in the recesses of the human mind and unlocked only through certain criteria. One Romantic thinker took opium to cure migraines and "unlocked" spectacular poetry from deep within his mind. Romantic thinkers all but abolished the idea of a greater spiritual being.
The Romantic period was darker than the Enlightenment in many of its foundations and ideas. The people living in the Romantic period enjoyed seeing paintings of dark seas or natural disasters. This darkness culminated in two main people: Lord Byron and John Keats. John Keats witnessed the death of his family and became a famous poet in the Romantic period. Lord Byron was the first celebrity in the entire world and he was a dark and mysterious man. Lord Byron wanted to live his life in public. This was opposite from Enlightenment ideals that wanted security and promises of equality. The Romantic period and the Enlightenment were opposites in the area of what is socially acceptable.
Romantic art and Enlightenment art were also very different. One famous Romantic painting The Raft of the Medusa portrayed a shipwreck scene caused by an unfit captain. This type of idea was not nearly as acceptable in the Enlightenment age as it was during the Romantic age. Music also changed from the Enlightenment to Romanticism. Beethoven provided a nice bridge between the melodies and harmonies present in the Enlightenment and the sharp notes that surrounded Romanticism. The arts changed dramatically in Romanticism from what they had been in the Enlightenment.
The Romantic age and the Enlightenment were very different in many of their ideas and thoughts.Romanticism promoted thinkers and people who had mastery over their mind rather than things that had entire basis in fact. People sought after unlocking the deep power that was hidden within themselves. The romantics believed less in God than Enlightenment thinkers had previously. There were many contrasting ideals in the Romanticism and Enlightenment eras.
Many Romanticism ideas challenged what was previously thought to be fact during the Enlightenment. During the Enlightenment, everything was thought to be a gift bestowed upon humanity by God. During the Romantic age, God became little more than a name with hardly any connotation associated with it. Everything created in the world was said to come from within the human body. The Romantics believed that every person was connected to each other and everyone was connected to the world around them in some way or another. Great ideas were no longer given to people as if from a sign of God, rather they were hidden deep in the recesses of the human mind and unlocked only through certain criteria. One Romantic thinker took opium to cure migraines and "unlocked" spectacular poetry from deep within his mind. Romantic thinkers all but abolished the idea of a greater spiritual being.
The Romantic period was darker than the Enlightenment in many of its foundations and ideas. The people living in the Romantic period enjoyed seeing paintings of dark seas or natural disasters. This darkness culminated in two main people: Lord Byron and John Keats. John Keats witnessed the death of his family and became a famous poet in the Romantic period. Lord Byron was the first celebrity in the entire world and he was a dark and mysterious man. Lord Byron wanted to live his life in public. This was opposite from Enlightenment ideals that wanted security and promises of equality. The Romantic period and the Enlightenment were opposites in the area of what is socially acceptable.
Romantic art and Enlightenment art were also very different. One famous Romantic painting The Raft of the Medusa portrayed a shipwreck scene caused by an unfit captain. This type of idea was not nearly as acceptable in the Enlightenment age as it was during the Romantic age. Music also changed from the Enlightenment to Romanticism. Beethoven provided a nice bridge between the melodies and harmonies present in the Enlightenment and the sharp notes that surrounded Romanticism. The arts changed dramatically in Romanticism from what they had been in the Enlightenment.
The Romantic age and the Enlightenment were very different in many of their ideas and thoughts.Romanticism promoted thinkers and people who had mastery over their mind rather than things that had entire basis in fact. People sought after unlocking the deep power that was hidden within themselves. The romantics believed less in God than Enlightenment thinkers had previously. There were many contrasting ideals in the Romanticism and Enlightenment eras.
Monday, March 7, 2011
Second Outline
Thesis: The reason that medical theory in the Scientific Revolution advanced rapidly was because it broke away from its ancient roots of keeping health levels balanced and became more focused on the prevention and curing of diseases.
Definitions:
Galen: Greek physician,anatomist, and physiologist. He codified existing medical knowledge and his authority continued until the Renaissance
Aristotelianism: The philosophy of Aristotle that deals with logic and metaphysics and ethics and poetics and politics and natural science; "Aristotelianism profoundly influenced Western thought"
Cauterization: burn the skin or flesh of (a wound ) with a heated instrument or caustic substance, typically to stop bleeding or prevent the wound from becoming infected.
Humours: each of the four chief fluids of the body (blood, phlegm, yellow bile [choler], and black bile [melancholy]) that were thought to determine a person's physical and mental qualities by the relative proportions in which they were present.
Will have to add definitions of certain diseases, specialized equipment, and techniques as needed.
Sources:
Modern History Sourcebook will provide many primary sources
Paintings and journal entries of patients and doctors will also be used as primary sources.
Dictionaries (Oxford and American Heritage) will be used for definitions
Secondary sources such as Suite101, Wikisites and Sparknotes will be used until primary sources with more reliable information are found.
Body Paragraphs
I. Galenic methods and practices were becoming obsolete, and new ideas were being ushered in
A. He had thought that a true physician was also a philosopher and this influenced his thoughts
B. Galenic practices were comparable to Aristotle's natural philosophy
1. Analyzed the body in terms of air, earth, water, and fire
2. "Aristotle declares the existence of only four elements: fire, air, water and earth. All matter is made up of these four elements and matter had four properties: hot, cold, dry and wet" ("History of Chemistry") C. In the Scientific Revolution, cures for sicknesses were being found, rather than maintaining balance.
II. Syphilis, thought to be a new disease, caused a new branch of science to develop
A. A cure for syphilis had to be found, as the ancients seemed to have no information on it.
B. The traditional methods and medicine did little to syphilis.
Find the poem written about syphilis by Girolamo Francastoro
III. The New World directly influenced medicine
A. Syphilis was thought to be brought from the New World, as were many other diseases.
B. Plants with medicinal properties were said to be native to the New World
1. These plants could be used by physician- ground up and used as virtually anything
IV. Paracelsus advocated for the use of chemicals in medicine
A. His views were that everything relied on the harmony of man
1. Each planet corresponded to a metal, which corresponded to a part of the body
2. http://www.sacred-texts.com/alc/coelum.htm B. Sickness were caused by chemical reactions and could be cured with the same basic principles.
V. Sterilization
A. It was not known exactly what infections could be contracted when dirty instruments were used on the human body, but it was not an accepted practices
B. The main method of sterilization was cauterization- burning the blood vessels shut
http://web.archive.org/web/19970713085715/http://www.uab.edu/reynolds/Vesal.html
VI. The heart and its importance
A. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1628harvey-blood.html
VII. Vesalius and anatomy
A. Considered himself a scientific "progressive"
B. Worked mainly with cadavers to discover the secrets of the human body
"should be recalled from the dead, so that if it did not achieve with us a greater perfection that at any other place or time among the old teachers of anatomy" (Vesalius)
VIII. Conclusion
The ideas of many men in the Scientific Revolution shaped traditional medicine. They renounced most of the old views of ancient medical figures. Great advances in medicine were made in the Scientific Revolution.
Sources:
Paracelsus, . (n.d.). Coelum philosophorum. Retrieved from http://www.sacred-texts.com/alc/coelum.htm
History of chemistry. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.columbia.edu/itc/chemistry/chem-c2507/navbar/chemhist.html
D'Atri, M. (n.d.). The 17th century: scientific revolution. circulation of the blood. the doctrine of contagion. witch hunting.. Retrieved from http://medicina.unica.it/biblio/lesson4.htm
Harvey, W. . (n.d.). On the motion of the heart and blood in animals. Retrieved from http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1628harvey-blood.html
Vesalius, A. . (Artist). De humani corporis fabrica. [Web]. Retrieved from http://web.archive.org/web/19970713085715/http://www.uab.edu/reynolds/Vesal.html
Vesalius, A. . (n.d.). De fabrica. Retrieved from http://www.hsl.virginia.edu/historical/artifacts/antiqua/vesalius.cfm
http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/ufhatch/pages/03-sci-rev/sci-rev-home/resource-ref-read/sci-rev-primary/sr-prim-index.htm
http://guides.library.yale.edu/content.php?pid=79301&sid=660176
The final two are not primary sources, but they each contain many primary sources within them.
Definitions:
Galen: Greek physician,anatomist, and physiologist. He codified existing medical knowledge and his authority continued until the Renaissance
Aristotelianism: The philosophy of Aristotle that deals with logic and metaphysics and ethics and poetics and politics and natural science; "Aristotelianism profoundly influenced Western thought"
Cauterization: burn the skin or flesh of (a wound ) with a heated instrument or caustic substance, typically to stop bleeding or prevent the wound from becoming infected.
Humours: each of the four chief fluids of the body (blood, phlegm, yellow bile [choler], and black bile [melancholy]) that were thought to determine a person's physical and mental qualities by the relative proportions in which they were present.
Will have to add definitions of certain diseases, specialized equipment, and techniques as needed.
Sources:
Modern History Sourcebook will provide many primary sources
Paintings and journal entries of patients and doctors will also be used as primary sources.
Dictionaries (Oxford and American Heritage) will be used for definitions
Secondary sources such as Suite101, Wikisites and Sparknotes will be used until primary sources with more reliable information are found.
Body Paragraphs
I. Galenic methods and practices were becoming obsolete, and new ideas were being ushered in
A. He had thought that a true physician was also a philosopher and this influenced his thoughts
B. Galenic practices were comparable to Aristotle's natural philosophy
1. Analyzed the body in terms of air, earth, water, and fire
2. "Aristotle declares the existence of only four elements: fire, air, water and earth. All matter is made up of these four elements and matter had four properties: hot, cold, dry and wet" ("History of Chemistry") C. In the Scientific Revolution, cures for sicknesses were being found, rather than maintaining balance.
II. Syphilis, thought to be a new disease, caused a new branch of science to develop
A. A cure for syphilis had to be found, as the ancients seemed to have no information on it.
B. The traditional methods and medicine did little to syphilis.
Find the poem written about syphilis by Girolamo Francastoro
III. The New World directly influenced medicine
A. Syphilis was thought to be brought from the New World, as were many other diseases.
B. Plants with medicinal properties were said to be native to the New World
1. These plants could be used by physician- ground up and used as virtually anything
IV. Paracelsus advocated for the use of chemicals in medicine
A. His views were that everything relied on the harmony of man
1. Each planet corresponded to a metal, which corresponded to a part of the body
2. http://www.sacred-texts.com/alc/coelum.htm B. Sickness were caused by chemical reactions and could be cured with the same basic principles.
V. Sterilization
A. It was not known exactly what infections could be contracted when dirty instruments were used on the human body, but it was not an accepted practices
B. The main method of sterilization was cauterization- burning the blood vessels shut
http://web.archive.org/web/19970713085715/http://www.uab.edu/reynolds/Vesal.html
VI. The heart and its importance
A. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1628harvey-blood.html
VII. Vesalius and anatomy
A. Considered himself a scientific "progressive"
B. Worked mainly with cadavers to discover the secrets of the human body
"should be recalled from the dead, so that if it did not achieve with us a greater perfection that at any other place or time among the old teachers of anatomy" (Vesalius)
VIII. Conclusion
The ideas of many men in the Scientific Revolution shaped traditional medicine. They renounced most of the old views of ancient medical figures. Great advances in medicine were made in the Scientific Revolution.
Sources:
Paracelsus, . (n.d.). Coelum philosophorum. Retrieved from http://www.sacred-texts.com/alc/coelum.htm
History of chemistry. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.columbia.edu/itc/chemistry/chem-c2507/navbar/chemhist.html
D'Atri, M. (n.d.). The 17th century: scientific revolution. circulation of the blood. the doctrine of contagion. witch hunting.. Retrieved from http://medicina.unica.it/biblio/lesson4.htm
Harvey, W. . (n.d.). On the motion of the heart and blood in animals. Retrieved from http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1628harvey-blood.html
Vesalius, A. . (Artist). De humani corporis fabrica. [Web]. Retrieved from http://web.archive.org/web/19970713085715/http://www.uab.edu/reynolds/Vesal.html
Vesalius, A. . (n.d.). De fabrica. Retrieved from http://www.hsl.virginia.edu/historical/artifacts/antiqua/vesalius.cfm
http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/ufhatch/pages/03-sci-rev/sci-rev-home/resource-ref-read/sci-rev-primary/sr-prim-index.htm
http://guides.library.yale.edu/content.php?pid=79301&sid=660176
The final two are not primary sources, but they each contain many primary sources within them.
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