Review

1560-1715

• The Church entered a crisis of authority caused by conflicts, revolutionists and other problems such as disease. 
• Machiavelli saw need to reform the Church.
• The merchants and the rising middle class resented that the bishops controlled all of the events in their city. 
• The main problem for the Church was corruption.  
• The Peasants in England, Italy,  France, and Germany revolted. 
• Martin Luther 1483-1536 became an Augustinian Monk. 
• He led the attack on the sale of indulgences. 
• 1517- Luther posted his 95 theses on the Cathedral of Edinburgh, beginning the German reformation.  
• The German people accepted Luther's views and grew weary of the Church's massive power and ability to evade taxes. 
• John Calvin believed that morality must be pursued for a full life. 
• Calvinism was based on self-control
• In England ,the reformation is held up with the politics of the Tudor line. 
• The Index of Forbidden Books was adopted at the Council of Trent. 
• Folk religion and witchcraft increased after the Church was shattered because of all of the reformations against the Church. 
• The power of monarchs increased. 
• Between 1516 and 1715, Europe had only thirty total years of peace. 
• The major war was the Thirty Years War. 
• 1555 Peace of Augsburg divided Germany and created relative peace. 
• The Thirty Years was began in Bohemia, a place where there had been peace. 
• Ferdinand II became the King of Bohemia and the people feared that he would try and make them convert to Catholicism. 
• There was a revolt against the imperial governors. 
• Ferdinand was deposed and the crown was offered to Frederick V
• This extended the War to all of the Holy Roman Empire
• The battles between Ferdinand II and Frederick V were on opposing sides
• Spanish Hapsburg intervened in Protestant states and the Catholic League seemed to be putting an end to the Protestants. 
• 1629- Denmark withdrew from the War 
• Ferdinand issued the Act of Restitution
• Gustavus Adolphus entered the War

• Cardinal Richelie, wanting to get rid of the Hapsburgs accepted any allies regardless of their religions. 
• He declared war on Spain with Protestant allies. 
• The Spanish Hapsburgs were defeated by France. 
• The Treaty of Westphalia follows
• The treaty confirmed the Treaty of Augsburg 
• The Thirty Years war destroyed much of Europe
• 1669-1698: Numerous outbreaks of civil war
• Protestantism was illegal in France but was practiced anyways
• By 1559 the Huguenots campaigned against Henry II and the Guise
• The Huguenots ordered better treatment and this started a War. 
• Henry of Nevar and Margaret of Valois married, supposedly to bring the religions together
• The wedding was attacked in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. 
• Henry of Nevar became King Henry IV only after he converted to Catholicism
• He signed the Edict of Nantes. 
• This gave Protestants tolerance
• Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes

• There was a social revolt against the King of Spain
• 1575, under William of Orange people fought against the tyranny of Phillip. 
• The Scots rebel against Mary Queen of Scots
• In England, the Stuart dynasty rises
• 1694, Charles II is beheaded and Cromwell takes over. 
• 1560-1715 The Dutch becomes the dominant power of the continent
• The period is defined by mercantilism. 
• The amount of gold in Europe increased by 20 percent. 
• The markets of Europe expanded
• A new class appeared- The Bourgeoisie
• The upper-middle class, the business people of Europe 
• The Dutch and English provided commercial spirit which would set industry in motion.

•  Exploration in the New World
• The main goal was to find a Northwest passage through Canada
• Many explorers go out to try and find this prospective trade route
• Harvard was the first university founded in America in 1636

• The Scientific Revolution 
• Scientists: Copernicus, Bruno, Kapler, Tycho Brahe, Galileo, Hooke, Boyle, Halley, Newton. 
• Philosophers: Descartes, John Locke, Francis Bacon, Hobbes, Leibniz, Spinoza.   
• Witchcraft
• 1660 there was a tradition of witchcraft in England.
• There was suspicion of witches, but the tradition carried on. 
• There were, in the public eye, two types of witchcraft
• Healing and fortune telling  
• Evil witchcraft with malevolent spirits
• The Church had its own definitions of witchcraft and said that witches had bonded with Satan to work against God and the church. 
• By the 17th century, persecutions became commonplace and cause by anxiety and fear. 
• The Church spread rumors about witches
• Malleus Malifacarum written by two Dominican friars that worked to show that witches were in cahootes with the devil.
• By the 16th century the Church had linked women with witchcraft. 
• The burning time died down in England
•  The reformation triggered a backlash
• An atmosphere was made that what goes in one's brain could figure out the world. 
• This did not fit into anyone's civilized  mind
• This led to the Enlightenment
• The Enlightment did not mean to get rid of religion but to bring faith into accordance within reason.