Free Response

Explain how the Industrial Revolution influenced the rise of conservative and liberal philosophies and explain how those philosophies competed with or related to nationalism in Greece and Germany.


       The Industrial Revolution influenced political views and philosophies in most of Europe. The Industrial Revolution made it necessary for new laws to be put in place that would, in theory, make nations more productive and successful. The workers had to be thought of throughout the Industrial Revolution; their wages had to be agreeable, their working conditions had to be bearable, and their living spaces had to be sanitary, or else factories would lose business. New philosophies arose, each claiming that with their political views, people working in factories would be happy, and the factories would still do business. The Industrial Revolution would not have happened had it not been for political philosophies such as liberalism and conservatism, and many of the ideas expressed in the philosophies coincided with the basics of nationalism. 
       In the Industrial Revolution in Europe, men who owned businesses, cotton lords, claimed to be looking out for the common man. Even though they looked condescendingly upon the poor and the unemployed, they offered to give them jobs. Factory owners were looking for unskilled laborers to work in their company so that they could pay very little and thus increase their capital. The businessmen were looking out only for themselves and their gaining wealth, and they would do anything they could to increase it. This was the philosophy of the aristocratic business owners. 
       The workers in the factories had ideas that they put to use in order to increase their wages and the quality of life. Many of the workers formed unions during the Industrial Revolution. In these unions, the people could go on strike and lobby for better wages or living spaces. The businessmen, not wanting work to cease, had to either look for new people with which to fill the factory again, or give into the demands of the workers. Laws were founded that protected the rights of the working class, and also made their workload more bearable. Laws such as the ten hours law limited the amount of work women and children did in the Industrial Revolution. This soon spread to the entire working class, as did many other laws and regulations. The working people looked out for each other and banded together in order to make it through the dawn of machines in Europe. 
       Both of these philosophies, even though they seem separate, can be linked to Germanic and Greek nationalism. Nationalism was the unification of the entire nation under one independent state. Places in Europe were becoming less dependent on foreign places, and they could function on their own if the need ever arose. Much like the workers in the Industrial Revolution, people worked together under one common set of laws, and everyone was treated equally. Nationalism was also reflected by the philosophies of the businessmen. Equal opportunities should be given to everyone, if only for selfish purposes. The goals of every philosophy expressed in the Industrial Revolution focussed on making its members able to be both successful and independent at the same time. 
       In the Industrial Revolution, people were either running businesses, working in factories, or looking for work. A set of laws were established for each party, and the fundamentals of these ideas can be determined to be either conservatism or liberalism. Nationalism was the example for the philosophical ideas expressed by the people living during the European Industrial Revolution. Each of the political views had one basic goal: To have its members united under one single goal and be able to function autonomously from the rest of the industry. Liberalism, conservatism, and nationalism were all unique, yet they were fundamentally related.   
        


   

Nationalism 3/1

• 1848- The French revolted against Louis Philippe 
• The 19th century is the dawn of newspapers. News traveled faster than it ever had before. 
• The news of the revolt spread across Europe quickly
• In Germany, the King is afraid of riots in the street that he read about in the news.
• Germany revolted against the King
• A meeting- the Frankfurt Assembly- was called to make Germany an independent autonomous state
• The decision is made whether or not Germany should become a formal state
• There are two large Germanic States- Prussia and Austria 
• These two states have enormous power 
• The Hapsburg are the controlling family in Austria 
• The Junkers were Prussian nationalists
• They believed that Prussia was better off without the rest of Germany 
• The argument against them was that they did not understand that Germany had to be a powerful state in order to compete with countries such as France 
• The Prussians decide to have their own assembly-- The Berlin Assembly 
• This assembly of Prussians turn out to be anti-Junker 
• They believe that they could work under German unification 
• Poland was coveted because it had ports 
• Germany wound up in a holding pattern for a generation in which the politics of the country are confused
• The Napoleonic Wars left Italy reeling 
• Northern Italy became controlled by Austria 
• Austria had a secret government that it used to spy on Italy
• There were underground movements that were working towards expelling Austria and Russia from Italy
• A group is founded that is called Young Italy
• Manzinni's reign only lasted for a few months
• The Pope gathered French forces 
• The Pope does not care about Italy, he cares about maintaining a French base
• He clears out Manzini and ends the attempted revolution 
• Austria 
• With the newspapers and the media, the news of the revolution leaks out to Austria
• There are Austrians that are anti-Hapsburg
• Louis Kossauh 
• He called Austrians to rise up for their own liberty, and people are against this
• 1848- Austria split into the Hungarian Diet 
• Austrians are ethnic Germans
• There is another assembly in the city of Prague
• The Slavs are anti-German 

In Bohemia: The Czech Republic, Serbia, Bosnia. In Prague, there are a few ethnic Germans and more ethnic Slavic. When Austria makes decisions, though, they favor the Germans.

• The Slavs revolt in 1848
• King Ferdinand sent in troops and shut down Congress
• This is the root cause of World War I  
• In Hungary there is a party called the Magyars
• They create a new capital: Budapest 
• A party stands , the Jellachich against the Magyars, and they gain the favor of King Ferdinand 
• The Magyars think that if they keep the Croats at bay, there is no way that the King would try and kill the Magyars. 
• Austria sent 100,000 Russian troops into Germany 

Medicine Outline

Thesis:  The reason that medical theory in the Scientific Revolution advanced rapidly was because it broke away from its ancient roots of keeping health levels balanced and became more focused on the prevention and curing of diseases.


Definitions: 
       Galen: Greek physician,anatomist, and physiologist. He codified existing medical knowledge and his authority continued until the Renaissance
       Aristotelianism: The philosophy of Aristotle that deals with logic and metaphysics and ethics and poetics and politics and natural science; "Aristotelianism profoundly influenced Western thought"
       Cauterization: burn the skin or flesh of (a wound ) with a heated instrument or caustic substance, typically to stop bleeding or prevent the wound from becoming infected.
       Humours: each of the four chief fluids of the body (blood, phlegm, yellow bile [choler], and black bile [melancholy]) that were thought to determine a person's physical and mental qualities by the relative proportions in which they were present.
       Will have to add definitions of certain diseases, specialized equipment, and techniques as needed. 


Sources:
       Modern History Sourcebook will provide many primary sources
       Paintings and journal entries of patients and doctors will also be used as primary sources. 
       Dictionaries (Oxford and American Heritage) will be used for definitions 
       Secondary sources such as Suite101, Wikisites and Sparknotes will be used until primary sources with more reliable information are found.   


Body Paragraphs


I. Galenic methods and practices were becoming obsolete, and new ideas were being ushered in
       A. He had thought that a true physician was also a philosopher and this influenced his thoughts
       B. Galenic practices were comparable to Aristotle's natural philosophy
              1. Analyzed the body in terms of air, earth, water, and fire
       C. In the Scientific Revolution, cures for sicknesses were being found, rather than maintaining balance. 


II. Syphilis, thought to be a new disease, caused a new branch of science to develop
       A. A cure for syphilis had to be found, as the ancients seemed to have no information on it. 
       B. The traditional methods and medicine did little to syphilis. 


III. The New World directly influenced medicine
       A. Syphilis was thought to be brought from the New World, as were many other diseases. 
       B. Plants with medicinal properties were said to be native to the New World
              1. These plants could be used by physician- ground up and used as virtually anything


 IV. Paracelsus advocated for the use of chemicals in medicine
       A. His views were that everything relied on the harmony of man
              1. Each planet corresponded to a metal, which corresponded to a part of the body
       B. Sickness were caused by chemical reactions and could be cured with the same basic principles. 


V. Sterilization
       A. It was not known exactly what infections could be contracted when dirty instruments were used on the human body, but it was not an accepted practices
       B. The main method of sterilization was cauterization- burning the blood vessels shut
       
VI. The heart and its importance
       A. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1628harvey-blood.html


VII. Vesalius and anatomy 
       A. Considered himself a scientific "progressive"
       B. Worked mainly with cadavers to discover the secrets of the human body


VIII. Conclusion
      The ideas of many men in the Scientific Revolution shaped traditional medicine. They renounced most of the old views of ancient medical figures. Great advances in medicine were made in the Scientific Revolution.   
                 




       

Liberlism

• Progress is the goal of a society

England

• There were elections in 1830
• They weakened the conservation control in the house of Congress
• Parliament was split into the House of Commons and the House of Lords
• In the House of Commons there were wealthy people from the middle class
• Th election was the first time that the House of Commons won the election
• The House of Lords is scared by this
• They do not want to have to deal with the liberals in the House of Commons
• King William threatened to make some people in the House of Commons Lords in the House of Lords 
• The Reform Bill of 1832
• Doubled the number of eligible voters in England 
• In 1845 the Potato Famine hit
• Robert Peel pushed for reform because he thought that if a reform was not made between the rich and the poor in England, revolution would break loose. 
• The Corn Laws were repealed 
• Because of this, he lost his seat as Prime Minister
• Between 1848 and 1851, as a result of the potato famine many Irish decided to leave Ireland and emigrate to the United States. 
• The Chartist movement tried to feed off of the anxiety over reform
• The Charters wanted a national charter that would result in universal human suffrage
• Everyone would have the right to vote 

France

• Charles X was in a bad position
• He dissolved his government and called new elections 
• The liberals won the election, which Charles did not like
• Charles X was forced to abdicate the throne 
• Louis Phillipe became the new monarch
• His reign was known as the July Monarchy 
• He was the Duke of Orleans: The Orleanist 
• During his reign, he tried to deal with the cares and anxieties of the people
• He brought out the tri-color flag as the official flag of France
• The Bourgeois was the upper-middle class of France
• They are the people that Louis will try and cater to
• He can claim that he is helping the middle class, while he is really helping people who are pretty well off 
• The liberals and the reformers did not like this because they thought that the government was not doing the right thing
• 1848- There were a number of revolutions 

Conservatism in Europe

1815-1848

• The Congress of Vienna met to settle questions over properties left in the wake of Napoleon
• Representatives
• France- Talleyrand 
• England- Castlereagh 
• Austria- Metternich 
• Russia- Czar Alexander
• All of those men discuss what is going to happen after Napoleon left
• Russia refused to discuss the situation in Turkey and the Balkan states
• England refused to talk about their international sea trade and the colonies
• Geopolitical implications followed
• A system of strong states around France was discussed
• Austria Netherlands were transferred to the Dutch 
• The Dutch Republic changed its name
• It became, along with other places, the Kingdom of the Netherlands
• It is ruled by the House of Orange 
• There was no attempt to restore the Holy Roman Empire
• No one bothered to pay attention to the needs of the German Nationalists
• Another new Kingdom was created
• The Kingdom of Poland known as Congress Poland 
• Louis XVIII returns as a constitutional monarch
• Napoleon was banned from having any rule in France 
•  Czar Alexander insisted on a document known as the Holy Alliance 
• It said that the rule over Eastern Europe was divinely granted
• Alexander and Prussia signed on
• England refused to accept the document 
• Castlereagh called the document "sublime mysticism and nonsense
• The powers agreed that they would continue to meet to discuss concerns
• France, Britain, Austria, Russia- Concert of Europe 
• Aix-lachapelle 

• Britain became less concerned with the happenings of continental Europe 
• 1819- The French and the Russians met again in Galatia. Alexander and Metternich composed a new alliance called the Protocol of Troppau  
• 1821- Greece had been occupied by the Ottoman Turks had swept in through the Aegean Sea and overcame Greece. There was war between the Greeks and the Turks 
• With the Greeks revolting, the situation created a dilemma for the major powers of Europe 

Conservatism in Russia

• Alexander died in 1825
• He had connections between the Russian orthodox and the Greek Orthodox Church. 
• Secret police forces were on the rise in Russia and Austria 
• The reasons that freedoms were not made in Russia was because Constantine favored his brother, Nicholas, as czar.
• After Nicholas becomes czar, there is a short-lived revolutionary movement 
• Nicholas became more conservative and authoritarian than Alexander had ever been
• Russia becomes more closed off from the rest of Europe

France

• When Napoleon abdicated the throne, Talleyrand opted for another constitutional monarch
• Louis XVIII, as constitutional monarch, is a calm voice in French politics. But he is very old
• He signed The Charter which promised a new form of legislature that would be more democratic. 
• The problem was that the  vote hindered upon the fact that the citizen was a landowner 
• Major parts of the Napoleonic code, and Catholicism being the state religion were still intact
• The White Terror- Emigres returned to France under Napoleon. In 1815 they exacted their revenge on former revolutionaries.   
• Louis XVIII died in 1824 and his successor is Charles X. 
• A change took place in conservatism in France
• Charles tried to reform the measures by which the middle class would be compensated 
• He disenfranchised the middle class
• There is opposition to Charles X

Germany

• Germany was not asked what they thought of all of the political changes
• They get a sense of nationalism 
• This nationalism came out in the middle class, the universities, and the businesses. It is a sense that they have been wronged. 
• Decisions were made that affected former alliances of the Holy Roman Empire and Germany was not even included in the decision making
•  The secret police that was popular in Russia was established in Germany

England

• England has to deal with its growing empire
• It has holdings in many places. "The sun never sets on the British Empire" 
• Corn and grain were subjects of controversy
• Tariffs were redefined in the Corn Laws
• There were no labor laws 
• In Manchester, people had enough of their terrible lives
• Over 80,000 people took to the streets
• The crowd was made up of peaceful protesters
• They were protesting the rights of all men to vote
• The local forces fired on the crowd. 
• 11 are kill, 400 are injured
• The British government thanked the soldiers for doing a good job
• This was known as the Peterloo Massacre 
• Parliament was a farce
• It had nothing to do with the representation of the English community
• It became a tool of the rich and the powerful, and of the industrialists
• Reform laws are broken and shut down 

Austria 

• Continues to influence Germany
• Metternich ruled out of Vienna, influence a lot of non-Austrians, and completely ignored the locals in thirty years. 

Research Paper Thesis

The art of medicine in the Scientific Revolution advanced rapidly by breaking away from its Galenic roots, which  had foundations in the Aristotelean practices of keeping the body's health levels balanced, and becoming more focused on the prevention and curing of diseases.

Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

• 1760- 1850
• Changed labor from farm to factory, from manual to mechanized
• People were able to increase their supplies of food and raw materials
• New technologies result in increased production, efficiency, consumerism, etc. 
• The economy of cloth increased during this time. 
• The trade between colony, homeland, and back to the colony was part of a system of industrialization. 
• Competition economically arose and eventually created capitalism
• Other advances included sturdier farm implements created mechanically
• The growth of the population rose
• Workers on farms moved to factories so that their farms could be sustained
• England prepared for the expansion of its economy and industry
•  The first threading device- the jenny was developed in England
• One operator could spin multiple threads at the same time
• This process used to take dozens of people
• In 20 years, nearly 20,000 spinning jennies were being used in England
• There are no rules governing workers' rights 
• There are no limits for working hours
• There are no safety laws
• Children can be made to work full days in factories 
• The working conditions for coal miner were nearly suicidal 
• The only people who became coal miners with those who had to 
• The Fireman crawled down a tunnel with a long stick with a candle on the end of it. Their goal was to find out if there were an noxious gases down in the mine. 
• The coal industry expanded upon itself
• In the early 18th century pig iron was developed
• Canals were constructed for easier trade
• The canal system and the railroad system changed everything in terms of trade
• 1804-1820 there are semi-successful attempts to create working rail cars
• George Stevenson created the first public rail cars designed to move passengers around
• This was too expensive and it dies. But the idea of transporting humans sticks. 
• Trade and distribution in between cities advance
• Thing became more cosmopolitan- world cities began to develop
• The steam engine- Heat converted the potential energy in water to the kinetic energy in steam
• Less people died because healthcare became more important, more babies were born and survived infancy, plague was eliminated in Europe, and food production increased
• Craftsmen and apprentices 
• The size of the middle class increased
• The factory system put the owners of the factories in a position of power over their employees 

Capital and Labor

• Capital is the amount of money that one can put into a job
• In a factory condition, more can be done with less workers and the profits increase
• These profits can be used as capital for future investments