Cromwell

Restoration England- Restore the Stuart line after Cromwell

• Charles I has been executed. 
• Cromwell comes to power
• Charles II is exiled 
• Cromwell sought God's destiny for himself and his people
• As Cromwell was beginning to get on his feet, a misfortune occurred. 
• His vanities were stripped away and he became more religious. 
• Cromwell, sensing that God had a purpose for him, reformed his own life. 
• Cromwell wanted to take power from the Papacy. 
• Charles's execution was supposed to be a sacrifice
• The Levelers wanted to level the field for all classes of people. 
• They stood against Cromwell
• The Leveler men were held captive for their protests and treason
• Leveler women grouped together to help their husbands 
• The women wanted to be seen as regular people in society, and were very revolutionary. 
• Cromwell ordered the murder of Irish soldiers even after they had surrendered. 
• Cromwell thought Ireland as a pitiful colony and was "trying to pacify it."
• Charles II ran away after a battle until he could be smuggled out of the country. 
• When Cromwell returned to London, he was an English Caesar. 
• Cromwell made Great Britain a Republic. 
• Parliament and Cromwell were against each other, Cromwell accused Parliament of being unjust. 
• He called in the musketeers and Parliament was shut down
• Cromwell was striking out against the Commonwealth
• Power would have almost been given to Cromwell, but he refused, claiming that he was working for God. 
• England was being put back together by returning to its original ways. 
• The major generals were employed by Cromwell to shut down everything happening in his country. 
• Jews were given allowance to pray in peace, because Cromwell allowed it to be. 
• Cromwell was told that converting the Jews would lead to the Apocalypse, but he knew that it would only bring about religious change. 
•  September 3, 1658 Cromwell died while a storm was raging over his country. 
• It was said that the devil was coming for his soul. 
• Great Britain was left as a place where anyone could receive the Lord in his own way, without disturbing anyone else. 
• With the Lord Protector gone, it was realized that Cromwell needed a successor. 
• Charles II made himself the king.  
• 23 April 1661, Charles II was crowned king. 
• People were hanged, drawn, and quartered as a ritualistic form of torture. 
• January 30 1661, the remains of Cromwell were dragged out of his tomb and tortured
• The "Cromwellians" worried that the new ruling power would not be good for them.
• A comet appeared in the sky over England and the English thought it to be an omen.
• The next year thousands were killed by the plague and the bodies were piled into deep pits. 
• During the plague during the reign of Charles II 1 out of every 6 Londoners died. 
• Fires leaped up and engulfed many houses, possibly because of the overcrowded conditions of London. 

Grade on Test

88

Remember People, This is Golf: Lowest Score Wins

48. ?

49. Christopher Columbus 

50. Columbian Exchange 

51. Maize 

52. Mercantilism 

53. Joint Stock Company 

54. Puritanism 

55. False 

56. London

57. Dutch Trade

58. No

59. El Greco 

60. Middle-class 

61. Commons

62. Anglicans 

63. Stuarts 

64. Presbyterian 

65, 1603- 1625

66. Divine Rite of Kings 

67. Catholic

68. ?

69. Laud

70. France

71. Royalists

72. Roundheads   

73. Oliver Cromwell 

74. Absolutism 

75. Protector of England 

76. Common Brother and Sisterhood 

77. James 

78. Classical 

79. Hobbes

I am going to cry

1. Martin Luther 
2. 95 Theses
3. ?
4. The Dome 
5. Halloween of ? Freebie 
6. Faith alone 
7. The Bible
8. Papal Hierarchy 
9. Their owners 
10. False
11. German peasantry 
12. Protestantism
13. Calvinism 
14. Treaty of Augsburg 
15. Luther claimed that salvation can be achieved by faith alone.  
16. Luther said that all jobs have equal merit. 
17. John Calvin 
18. Geneva, Switzerland 
19. Freebie
20. Huguenots 
21. King Henry VIII
22. Mary I
23. Anabaptists 
24. Pope Julius II
25. Council of  Trent  
26. False   
27. New Revised Standard
28. Loyola
29. To convert the New World to their religion . 
30. 16th 
31. Raphael  
32. Ferdinand II 
33. Spanish Armada 
34. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre  
35. Edict of Common Brotherhood
36. 300
37. Treaty of Augsburg 
38. Protestant Union 
39. Catholic League
40. Catholic
41. Protestant 
42. Charles V and James VI
43. Wallenstein
44. Treaty of Westphalia 
45. Augsburg   
46. Germany 
47. France
48. 
    

Notes for the Test

James I- 1603

• Marked the end of the Tudor line and the beginning of the Stuart line. 
• James believed in the Divine Rite of Kings, where the power to kings came directly from God. He quarreled with the Puritans over the outcome of the Catholic Church. 
• When James died, his son became king. 

Charles I- 1625

• Charles was very much like his father. 
• He supported the Anglican Church and opposed the Puritans. 
• In 1628 Charles signed the Petition of Rite which stated that in return for grants of money he would make the laws that the king could not make a tax without the acceptance of Parliament, and that people could not be put in jail without due process of law. 

The Scottish army went to Northern England to fight against the English. 

• Charles needed to raise money to fight in this war against the Scots.  
• 1640-1648 Charles recalled Parliament into session, which caused a crisis. 
• William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury was beheaded.  

English Civil War

Puritans

• The Puritans declared war on any sign of Catholicism in their churches. 
• Charles I was married to a Catholic, which his Puritan followers did not like. 
• Many people took the stance of Puritanism, wanting to stop the king from flaunting the word of God. 
• The Lord presented his religion as an order and anyone who refused was punished. 
• The Divine Rite of Kings was written by Charles I in 1625. 
• This allowed for him to be above his own laws. 
• Feb 28, 1638 a national covenant was signed and then brought to a place where many Scottish common folk signed their names on the covenant. 
• Charles thought all of these people to be rebels, and they needed to be stopped. 
• Charles wanted to fight, but he could neither raise money or men, and a truce was made. 
• Charles called upon Parliament would help, but they were still bitter about him shutting them down. 
• Parliament lasted only three weeks before it was suspended again by Charles. 
• The only other option that Charles had was Thomas Wentworth. 
• Wentworth was an Irishman. 
• This did not help Charles at all, and only made his circumstances worse. 

DBQ Format Quiz

What is the range of scores for a DBQ essay?
A score of 1-9


If a DBQ answer does not have a thesis statement, what is the highest score it can get?
     Four

If there are twelve documents, what is the bare minimum of documents that must be cited in the DBQ?
     Seven

Explain what bias is.
     Bias is explaining a document with context.
    
Explain what groupings are.
     Grouping are sections of the DBQ that have a similar topic.

Cite document five.
     (Document 5).

Notes November 12

• The Habsburgs wanted to reverse the Protestant gains in the Holy Roman Empire. 
• France wanted Germany to have a stable political hold. France wanted to trade and have diplomacy with Germany. 
• Denmark and Sweden are Lutherans and support the Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire. 
• In 1618 war broke out between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League: The Thirty Years Wars
• Phase I: 1618-1625: Bohemian Phase 
• Began as a civil war between Catholics and Protestants in Bohemia. Catholics were led by Ferdinand II. The Protestants were led by Frederick V. 
• The Habsburgs and Catholics take control of Bohemia. 
• Phase II 1625-1629: Danish Phase 
• King Christian IV of Denmark intervened and supported the Protestants. His armies fought Albert Wallenstein who was a Catholic. 
• Wallenstein destroyed the Protestant forces. 
• Ferdinand issued the Edict of Restitution, restoring land back to the Catholics. 
• Phase III: 1630-1635: Swedish Phase 
• The Protestants are worried because they have lost two rounds of fighting to the Catholics. 
• The Protestant's and their dutch and French allies turn to Gustavus Adolphus, the King of Sweden. 
• He defeated Wallenstein and his forces. 
• Phase IV: 1635-1648: The French Phase
• Aldolphus died and France saw that the Protestants are in need of help. 
• The Dutch, French, and Swedes are all fighting against Catholic Germany. 
• Westphalia, in 1648, was the place where many diplomats met. They wanted to do something to cease all of the fighting. The treaty said:
• Each of the independent German principalities gained the right to conduct its own peace treaties and have its own diplomacies.  
• The rulers were allowed to establish religion and Calvinism was accepted. 
• Independence of the Dutch republic is recognized. Switzerland was also recognized as being neutral.
• The French annexed Alsace. 
• The consequences of the war for Germany included many casualties because of the Thirty Years War. More than 1/3 of the German speaking population. 
• The Treaty of Westphalia did nothing to unify Germany. It remained an amoeba of many different nations. 
• France was technically the winner of the war, even though there was no real winner.
• France would be the leader of Europe for a while after the war.

Notes November 10

• In 1603 England and Scotland came together under James Stuart, king of both nations. 
• He wanted to be known as the king of Great Britain. 
• King Charles I observed Edgehill, the same place another man had called heaven on earth, but he saw it as a battleground for civil war. 
• The son of James, Charles, fought James Stuart in the English Civil War. 
• At the heart of the wars was an argument about freedom and liberty. 
• Parliament represents the English people in the English government. 
• The Gunpowder Plot- James, a protestant, kicked the Catholic clergy out of England. In 1605 a group of Catholics conspired to blow up Parliament. 
• Guy Fawkes led the plan. The plan failed and the members of the plot were executed. 
• The Puritans rose under the rule of James Stuart. In 1620, Puritans rode on the Mayflower all the way to the New World. The Puritans wanted to break down the Church, to purify it and all it stood for. 
• James was not friendly towards the Puritans. They thought he had too much power over religion.
• The King James Bible was the official 17th century. 
• James brought the best poets and linguists together to translate the Bible. 
• Charles I is the son of James and he continues in his father's footsteps. 
• He is an absolutist and he fights with Parliament over who should collect taxes. He dissolved Parliament because of their many disagreements. 
• In 1642 the English Civil War began. 
• Parliament troops were known as Rounheads. The cavaliers were supported on all sides by the nobility, and the peasantry.  
• The peasantry sided with the nobility because they knew they would not keep their jobs if the nobility lost. If they had sided with the middle class, even if they had won, no merchant would hire a peasant to work for him, but a king would. 
• Oliver Cromwell  
• Charles believed that kings were demigods and he wanted himself to be obeyed. 
• He would listen to Parliament, but only when he wanted and only about things that he wanted to happen. 
• Charles declared was on Spain, which took a lot of money away from England. 
• Charles went to Parliament with the argument that Protestants needed to conquer. Parliament agreed with that but did not agree with Charles's choice of commander. Parliament gave Charles the money, but knew that they would not have to give any more.
• Henry, the older brother of Charles I died before he could become king. The heir became Charles. 
• 
  

Notes November 5

Women of the Renaissance:

• Christine de Pizan
• The first European to make a living as a writer. She wrote a history of famous women and is referred to as the first feminine activist. 
• Isabelle d'Este
• Born into a ruling family- the Ferrara and she married into the royal family of Mantua. She was an art patron. She was the daughter of the king and queen of Spain. Isabella personified Castiglione's book on how to be a courtier. 

Northern Renaissance:

• Erasmus
• A humanist who worked on, among many other things, editing versions of the New Testament. His best known work is a satire known as The Praise of Folly. Erasmus was a Catholic and he believed that he could change the Catholic Church from within. Erasmus wrote in Latin. 
• Thomas More 
• The leading humanist in England. He was Lord Chancellor under King Henry VIII. He wrote of a Utopian society. He was executed for treason against the King 
• Michel de Montaigne
• He was a statesman and an author. He brought the personal essay into prominence.  
• Johannes Gutenberg
• Invented the printing press in 1456. The first book that he printed was the Bible. By 1500 20 million books were already in print. The printing press allowed the Protestant Reformation to happen. 

Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther
• A Catholic monk who saw that there was a serious problem with the way the Church was being run. In 1517, Martin Luther watched indulgences being sold and saw that the money was going towards the funding of the Basilica in Rome. Halloween, 1517, Martin Luther posted his famous 95 theses on the doors of the cathedral. 
• Salvation is achieved by faith alone
• The Bible is the only valid authority for Christian life. 
• All people are created equal. 
• All vocations have equal merit. 
• John Calvin
• Calvin believed that God is good and people are evil. He thought that very few people would be saved from sin. Calvinism spread across Europe. The heart of Calvinism was Geneva, Switzerland. 
• Counter-Reformation- Many countries tell the Catholic Church to stop doing what they are doing. The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation was the Counter-Reformation. 
• Pope Julius II
• Started the reformation by allowing indulgences to be sold. 
• Pope Paul III
• Council of Trent
• Rejected Luther and what he stood for but then the council did make the Church stop giving indulgences.  The Council of Trent did not agree with Luther about hierarchies, as that could be volatile for the Popes. The Council also resist limiting Papal authority. 

Kaplan European History

Chapter Three: The Renaissance

Roman Catholic Church- 
     After the Christian Church split in 1054 half of it became the Roman Catholic Church. This was centered in Italy.


Eastern Orthodox Church- 
     The other half of the Christian Church became the Eastern Orthodox Church. This was centered in Constantinople.


Crusades- 
     A series of wars fought in a vain attempt to regain the Holy Land for the Muslims.


Bubonic Plague- 
     A deadly disease that came from the Middle East to Europe in the 14th century that was caused by bacteria carried on rats and wiped out 30% of the population.


Gunpowder-
     Invented in Ancient China, the army of China first used gunpowder based weapons against the Mongols. It was not practical at first, as people were inexperiences and archers were much more skilled with their weapons whan with guns. b


Medici- 
    In 14th century Europe, this family grew to wealth and power through their bank and patronage of the arts. The Medici family rulers were Giovanni, Cosimo, and Lorenzo. Each of these people helped the family in some way. The family helped the Pope rise to his position and encouraged painters and sculptors to create works for them.

Oligarchies- 
     In an oligarchical society, power is given to a small portion of the larger society. The wealthy and most well-known people receive the power. This type of ruling system often falls, as the rulers rely to heavily upon the people, mimicking slavery.
     
Condottieri- 
     Leaders of mercenary soldiers of Italian city-states and the Papacy throughout the Renaissance.


New Monarchies- 
     15th century rulers of countries in Europe who brought unity to their nations, thus creating governments that were centralized and stable. All of this allowed for all of Europe to flourish economically.


Humanism- 
     The study of the liberal arts: Greek and Roman Literature, Rhetoric, and History.


Renaissance Man- 
     A person who knows a respectable amount in a multitude of subjects. Loenardo da Vinci is an example of a Renaissance Man, excelling in science and art.


Virtu- 
     A concept of living made popular by Niccolo Machiavelli. It includes all of the virtues necessary for living a peaceful life, but also adds some extra traits which are integral to the up-keeping of the state. Virtu can only be achieved after a person has been virtuous throughout their work.

Perspective- 
     An aspect of art developed by Filippo Brunelleschi in 1413. Brunelleschi painted the outlines of buildings and streets onto a mirror and noticed that the lines in the plane seemed to converge to meet at a point if they were extended. This explained why things that were closer to the viewer appeared larger than things that were farther away. This style was incorporated into art quickly.


Leonardo da Vinci- 
     One of the most well known polymaths to ever walk the Earth. He was born to Pietro and Caterina da Vinci in 1452. Da Vinci was taught by the Florentine painter Verrochio. Not only did Leonardo paint, but he was also a sculptor, architect, botanist, and many other things. Da Vinci was perhaps the most talented man to live.


Michelangelo- 
     Almost doing as much as da Vinci, Michelangelo was also a revered polymath of the 15th century. He and da Vinci were Italian rivals in almost all of their many subjects. Michelangelo sculpted the Pieta and David before he turned thirty.


Frescoes- 
     A type of painting done entirely on plaster on ceilings or walls. Each scene of a fresco is related.


Madonnas- 
     Images central to the ideas of Roman Catholicism, depicting Mary Magdalene with or without Christ Jesus.


Raphael Sanzio- 
     An Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. Raphael, da Vinci, and Michelangelo formed the trinity of great masters of the 15th century. The Raphael Rooms in the Apostolic Place of the Vatican were his greatest works.


Pieta- 
   A sculpture done by Michelangelo depicting Mary Magdalene holding the dead body of her son, Jesus Christ. This piece is very important to Christianity.    


Filipo Brunelleschi- 
     One of the leading men in the Italian Renaissance, Brunelleschi was an inventor and architect. His greatest achievements were engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral and developing the art style of perspective. The Medici family helped Brunelleschi become known to Florence.


Dante Alighieri- 
     As a poet, Dante's most well-known piece of work is the Divine Comedy. It is considered the greatest literary work written in its native language, Italian.


Francesco Petrarch- 
     Petrarch was an Italian poet, scholar, and most notably considered the Father of Humanism. Modern Italian language was engineered using his works as reference. Petrarch's sonnets were models for lyrical poetry.


Giovanni Boccaccio- 
     He studied under Petrarch and became an author. He wrote poetry in the everyday language that was used by the people of Italy. He was not like his contemporaries or any before him, as his writings did not conform to the models used for plot and character development.

Baldassare Castigioni- 
     An Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier, and author known for writing "The Book of the Courtier". This book was semi-autobiographical, with Castiglioni addressing his own life as a courtier.


Niccolo Machiavelli- 
     Political science was founded by this man, who was also a philosopher and writer. His two most notable works were The Prince, which was published after his death, and The Art of War. 


Christian Humanists- 
     The union of the two mindsets of Christians and Humanists. The core belief is that human freedom and uniqueness can be connected  to Christian faiths.


New Universities- 
     Education and learning were the most important things during the Renaissance, and universities began to appear throughout all of Europe. The youth needed to be taught so that the Renaissance could flourish.
     
Fugger- 
     A rival banking family of the Medici, they eventually replaced the Medici and took over most of the assets of the Medici. The Fuggers gained the same power and influence as the Medici had.


Thomas More- 
     Another Renaissance humanist, More was a main counsellor of Henry VIII of England. King Henry appointed More to the position of Lord Chancellor for three years. More was against the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther, and William Tyndale. More is acknowledged as a saint of the Catholic Church.


Desiderius Erasmus- 
     "The crowning glory of Christian humanists," Erasmus was a writing who wrote in pure Latin. Combining his work and Christianity, Erasmus wrote Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament. He attempted to reform the Church from within because he did not believe everything the Church had to offer.


Mysticism- 
     Pursuing to identify with some divine reality or God through a spiritual channeling of emotions. Mysticism focuses on practicing to achieve these realizations of feeling.


Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life- 
     Founded in the 14th century by Gerard Groote, the Brethren of the Common Life was a Roman Catholic faction of Lutheranism. The members of this community gave up their earthly possessions to become closer to God. They lived very meek lives that centered around praying to God.


Flemish Masters- 
     Painters of the 16th century who combined aspects of recent Italian painting with traditions of Netherlandish artists.


New Monarchies (Tudors, Valois, Habsburgs)- The Tudor dynasty was a royal house of Europe from 1485 to 1603. The first monarch of the Tudor dynasty was Henry Tudor. The Tudor house was the union of the House of York and the Lancastrians. The Valois dynasty was a branch of the Capetian dynasty that  consisted of the children of the younger sons of the monarchs. The Valois succeeded the House of Capet and ruled from 1328 to 1589. The Habsburgs are best known as being the origin family of all rulers elected to be the Holy Roman Emperor. They ruled from 1438 until 1740.


Star Chamber- 
     An English court of law that was stationed at the Palace of Westminster until 1641. The chamber acted as a supplementary to the courts in civil and criminal cases. The chamber was established so that important people in society could still be tried in a court.


Inquisition- 
     Institutions established to conquer heretics against the Roman Catholic Church. Usually, the Catholic Church is attempting to gain more followers by forcing people of other religions to convert or leave the city forever.


Holy Roman Empire-              
      A portion of Europe that was in power for a thousand years. The ruler was known as the Holy Roman Emperor. The power of the Empire began to fall to princes in the Middle Ages, and later became only the union of different territories.