Notes November 12

• The Habsburgs wanted to reverse the Protestant gains in the Holy Roman Empire. 
• France wanted Germany to have a stable political hold. France wanted to trade and have diplomacy with Germany. 
• Denmark and Sweden are Lutherans and support the Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire. 
• In 1618 war broke out between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League: The Thirty Years Wars
• Phase I: 1618-1625: Bohemian Phase 
• Began as a civil war between Catholics and Protestants in Bohemia. Catholics were led by Ferdinand II. The Protestants were led by Frederick V. 
• The Habsburgs and Catholics take control of Bohemia. 
• Phase II 1625-1629: Danish Phase 
• King Christian IV of Denmark intervened and supported the Protestants. His armies fought Albert Wallenstein who was a Catholic. 
• Wallenstein destroyed the Protestant forces. 
• Ferdinand issued the Edict of Restitution, restoring land back to the Catholics. 
• Phase III: 1630-1635: Swedish Phase 
• The Protestants are worried because they have lost two rounds of fighting to the Catholics. 
• The Protestant's and their dutch and French allies turn to Gustavus Adolphus, the King of Sweden. 
• He defeated Wallenstein and his forces. 
• Phase IV: 1635-1648: The French Phase
• Aldolphus died and France saw that the Protestants are in need of help. 
• The Dutch, French, and Swedes are all fighting against Catholic Germany. 
• Westphalia, in 1648, was the place where many diplomats met. They wanted to do something to cease all of the fighting. The treaty said:
• Each of the independent German principalities gained the right to conduct its own peace treaties and have its own diplomacies.  
• The rulers were allowed to establish religion and Calvinism was accepted. 
• Independence of the Dutch republic is recognized. Switzerland was also recognized as being neutral.
• The French annexed Alsace. 
• The consequences of the war for Germany included many casualties because of the Thirty Years War. More than 1/3 of the German speaking population. 
• The Treaty of Westphalia did nothing to unify Germany. It remained an amoeba of many different nations. 
• France was technically the winner of the war, even though there was no real winner.
• France would be the leader of Europe for a while after the war.