Chapter Three: The Renaissance
Roman Catholic Church-
After the Christian Church split in 1054 half of it became the Roman Catholic Church. This was centered in Italy.
Eastern Orthodox Church-
The other half of the Christian Church became the Eastern Orthodox Church. This was centered in Constantinople.
Crusades-
A series of wars fought in a vain attempt to regain the Holy Land for the Muslims.
Bubonic Plague-
A deadly disease that came from the Middle East to Europe in the 14th century that was caused by bacteria carried on rats and wiped out 30% of the population.
Gunpowder-
Invented in Ancient China, the army of China first used gunpowder based weapons against the Mongols. It was not practical at first, as people were inexperiences and archers were much more skilled with their weapons whan with guns. b
Medici-
In 14th century Europe, this family grew to wealth and power through their bank and patronage of the arts. The Medici family rulers were Giovanni, Cosimo, and Lorenzo. Each of these people helped the family in some way. The family helped the Pope rise to his position and encouraged painters and sculptors to create works for them.
Oligarchies-
In an oligarchical society, power is given to a small portion of the larger society. The wealthy and most well-known people receive the power. This type of ruling system often falls, as the rulers rely to heavily upon the people, mimicking slavery.
Condottieri-
Leaders of mercenary soldiers of Italian city-states and the Papacy throughout the Renaissance.
New Monarchies-
15th century rulers of countries in Europe who brought unity to their nations, thus creating governments that were centralized and stable. All of this allowed for all of Europe to flourish economically.
Humanism-
The study of the liberal arts: Greek and Roman Literature, Rhetoric, and History.
Renaissance Man-
A person who knows a respectable amount in a multitude of subjects. Loenardo da Vinci is an example of a Renaissance Man, excelling in science and art.
Virtu-
A concept of living made popular by Niccolo Machiavelli. It includes all of the virtues necessary for living a peaceful life, but also adds some extra traits which are integral to the up-keeping of the state. Virtu can only be achieved after a person has been virtuous throughout their work.
Perspective-
An aspect of art developed by Filippo Brunelleschi in 1413. Brunelleschi painted the outlines of buildings and streets onto a mirror and noticed that the lines in the plane seemed to converge to meet at a point if they were extended. This explained why things that were closer to the viewer appeared larger than things that were farther away. This style was incorporated into art quickly.
Leonardo da Vinci-
One of the most well known polymaths to ever walk the Earth. He was born to Pietro and Caterina da Vinci in 1452. Da Vinci was taught by the Florentine painter Verrochio. Not only did Leonardo paint, but he was also a sculptor, architect, botanist, and many other things. Da Vinci was perhaps the most talented man to live.
Michelangelo-
Almost doing as much as da Vinci, Michelangelo was also a revered polymath of the 15th century. He and da Vinci were Italian rivals in almost all of their many subjects. Michelangelo sculpted the Pieta and David before he turned thirty.
Frescoes-
A type of painting done entirely on plaster on ceilings or walls. Each scene of a fresco is related.
Madonnas-
Images central to the ideas of Roman Catholicism, depicting Mary Magdalene with or without Christ Jesus.
Raphael Sanzio-
An Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. Raphael, da Vinci, and Michelangelo formed the trinity of great masters of the 15th century. The Raphael Rooms in the Apostolic Place of the Vatican were his greatest works.
Pieta-
A sculpture done by Michelangelo depicting Mary Magdalene holding the dead body of her son, Jesus Christ. This piece is very important to Christianity.
Filipo Brunelleschi-
One of the leading men in the Italian Renaissance, Brunelleschi was an inventor and architect. His greatest achievements were engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral and developing the art style of perspective. The Medici family helped Brunelleschi become known to Florence.
Dante Alighieri-
As a poet, Dante's most well-known piece of work is the Divine Comedy. It is considered the greatest literary work written in its native language, Italian.
Francesco Petrarch-
Petrarch was an Italian poet, scholar, and most notably considered the Father of Humanism. Modern Italian language was engineered using his works as reference. Petrarch's sonnets were models for lyrical poetry.
Giovanni Boccaccio-
He studied under Petrarch and became an author. He wrote poetry in the everyday language that was used by the people of Italy. He was not like his contemporaries or any before him, as his writings did not conform to the models used for plot and character development.
Baldassare Castigioni-
An Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier, and author known for writing "The Book of the Courtier". This book was semi-autobiographical, with Castiglioni addressing his own life as a courtier.
Niccolo Machiavelli-
Political science was founded by this man, who was also a philosopher and writer. His two most notable works were The Prince, which was published after his death, and The Art of War.
Christian Humanists-
The union of the two mindsets of Christians and Humanists. The core belief is that human freedom and uniqueness can be connected to Christian faiths.
New Universities-
Education and learning were the most important things during the Renaissance, and universities began to appear throughout all of Europe. The youth needed to be taught so that the Renaissance could flourish.
Fugger-
A rival banking family of the Medici, they eventually replaced the Medici and took over most of the assets of the Medici. The Fuggers gained the same power and influence as the Medici had.
Thomas More-
Another Renaissance humanist, More was a main counsellor of Henry VIII of England. King Henry appointed More to the position of Lord Chancellor for three years. More was against the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther, and William Tyndale. More is acknowledged as a saint of the Catholic Church.
Desiderius Erasmus-
"The crowning glory of Christian humanists," Erasmus was a writing who wrote in pure Latin. Combining his work and Christianity, Erasmus wrote Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament. He attempted to reform the Church from within because he did not believe everything the Church had to offer.
Mysticism-
Pursuing to identify with some divine reality or God through a spiritual channeling of emotions. Mysticism focuses on practicing to achieve these realizations of feeling.
Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life-
Founded in the 14th century by Gerard Groote, the Brethren of the Common Life was a Roman Catholic faction of Lutheranism. The members of this community gave up their earthly possessions to become closer to God. They lived very meek lives that centered around praying to God.
Flemish Masters-
Painters of the 16th century who combined aspects of recent Italian painting with traditions of Netherlandish artists.
New Monarchies (Tudors, Valois, Habsburgs)- The Tudor dynasty was a royal house of Europe from 1485 to 1603. The first monarch of the Tudor dynasty was Henry Tudor. The Tudor house was the union of the House of York and the Lancastrians. The Valois dynasty was a branch of the Capetian dynasty that consisted of the children of the younger sons of the monarchs. The Valois succeeded the House of Capet and ruled from 1328 to 1589. The Habsburgs are best known as being the origin family of all rulers elected to be the Holy Roman Emperor. They ruled from 1438 until 1740.
Star Chamber-
An English court of law that was stationed at the Palace of Westminster until 1641. The chamber acted as a supplementary to the courts in civil and criminal cases. The chamber was established so that important people in society could still be tried in a court.
Inquisition-
Institutions established to conquer heretics against the Roman Catholic Church. Usually, the Catholic Church is attempting to gain more followers by forcing people of other religions to convert or leave the city forever.
Holy Roman Empire-
A portion of Europe that was in power for a thousand years. The ruler was known as the Holy Roman Emperor. The power of the Empire began to fall to princes in the Middle Ages, and later became only the union of different territories.
No comments:
Post a Comment