The Significance of the Rise of Scientific Societies

The rise of Scientific societies in the 17th century and beyond led to cultural advancements in the field of industry, reforms in the Church, and the development of western civilization.

Review

1560-1715

• The Church entered a crisis of authority caused by conflicts, revolutionists and other problems such as disease. 
• Machiavelli saw need to reform the Church.
• The merchants and the rising middle class resented that the bishops controlled all of the events in their city. 
• The main problem for the Church was corruption.  
• The Peasants in England, Italy,  France, and Germany revolted. 
• Martin Luther 1483-1536 became an Augustinian Monk. 
• He led the attack on the sale of indulgences. 
• 1517- Luther posted his 95 theses on the Cathedral of Edinburgh, beginning the German reformation.  
• The German people accepted Luther's views and grew weary of the Church's massive power and ability to evade taxes. 
• John Calvin believed that morality must be pursued for a full life. 
• Calvinism was based on self-control
• In England ,the reformation is held up with the politics of the Tudor line. 
• The Index of Forbidden Books was adopted at the Council of Trent. 
• Folk religion and witchcraft increased after the Church was shattered because of all of the reformations against the Church. 
• The power of monarchs increased. 
• Between 1516 and 1715, Europe had only thirty total years of peace. 
• The major war was the Thirty Years War. 
• 1555 Peace of Augsburg divided Germany and created relative peace. 
• The Thirty Years was began in Bohemia, a place where there had been peace. 
• Ferdinand II became the King of Bohemia and the people feared that he would try and make them convert to Catholicism. 
• There was a revolt against the imperial governors. 
• Ferdinand was deposed and the crown was offered to Frederick V
• This extended the War to all of the Holy Roman Empire
• The battles between Ferdinand II and Frederick V were on opposing sides
• Spanish Hapsburg intervened in Protestant states and the Catholic League seemed to be putting an end to the Protestants. 
• 1629- Denmark withdrew from the War 
• Ferdinand issued the Act of Restitution
• Gustavus Adolphus entered the War

• Cardinal Richelie, wanting to get rid of the Hapsburgs accepted any allies regardless of their religions. 
• He declared war on Spain with Protestant allies. 
• The Spanish Hapsburgs were defeated by France. 
• The Treaty of Westphalia follows
• The treaty confirmed the Treaty of Augsburg 
• The Thirty Years war destroyed much of Europe
• 1669-1698: Numerous outbreaks of civil war
• Protestantism was illegal in France but was practiced anyways
• By 1559 the Huguenots campaigned against Henry II and the Guise
• The Huguenots ordered better treatment and this started a War. 
• Henry of Nevar and Margaret of Valois married, supposedly to bring the religions together
• The wedding was attacked in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. 
• Henry of Nevar became King Henry IV only after he converted to Catholicism
• He signed the Edict of Nantes. 
• This gave Protestants tolerance
• Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes

• There was a social revolt against the King of Spain
• 1575, under William of Orange people fought against the tyranny of Phillip. 
• The Scots rebel against Mary Queen of Scots
• In England, the Stuart dynasty rises
• 1694, Charles II is beheaded and Cromwell takes over. 
• 1560-1715 The Dutch becomes the dominant power of the continent
• The period is defined by mercantilism. 
• The amount of gold in Europe increased by 20 percent. 
• The markets of Europe expanded
• A new class appeared- The Bourgeoisie
• The upper-middle class, the business people of Europe 
• The Dutch and English provided commercial spirit which would set industry in motion.

•  Exploration in the New World
• The main goal was to find a Northwest passage through Canada
• Many explorers go out to try and find this prospective trade route
• Harvard was the first university founded in America in 1636

• The Scientific Revolution 
• Scientists: Copernicus, Bruno, Kapler, Tycho Brahe, Galileo, Hooke, Boyle, Halley, Newton. 
• Philosophers: Descartes, John Locke, Francis Bacon, Hobbes, Leibniz, Spinoza.   
• Witchcraft
• 1660 there was a tradition of witchcraft in England.
• There was suspicion of witches, but the tradition carried on. 
• There were, in the public eye, two types of witchcraft
• Healing and fortune telling  
• Evil witchcraft with malevolent spirits
• The Church had its own definitions of witchcraft and said that witches had bonded with Satan to work against God and the church. 
• By the 17th century, persecutions became commonplace and cause by anxiety and fear. 
• The Church spread rumors about witches
• Malleus Malifacarum written by two Dominican friars that worked to show that witches were in cahootes with the devil.
• By the 16th century the Church had linked women with witchcraft. 
• The burning time died down in England
•  The reformation triggered a backlash
• An atmosphere was made that what goes in one's brain could figure out the world. 
• This did not fit into anyone's civilized  mind
• This led to the Enlightenment
• The Enlightment did not mean to get rid of religion but to bring faith into accordance within reason. 

Notes December 13

The French Aristocracy and Absolutism

• Louis XIV is the most dominant political figure in the 17th century. 
• The system he put in place was not broken even after he died. 
• Louis XIV's army threatened universal monarchy. 
• With the strength of his army he could gain dominance over all of Europe.  
• Because of the Thirty Years War there was no other power in Europe that could face Louis. 
• Alliances are created between the weaker countries of Europe to try and balance the power that Louis XIV has. 
• Louis tried several times to extend into the Dutch Republic but is always pushed back. 
• He also tries to push into Spain, but there were problems
•  in 1700 Charles II of Spain died and in his will he bequeathed his throne to Phillip of Anjou, the grandson of Louis XIV. 
• The Grand Alliance: Holland, Austria, Brandenburg principality, Italian Duchy of Savoy. 
• These nations wanted to suppress the power of Louis. 
• The War of Spanish Succession followed
• The war cost a lot of money and was blamed for the gutting of the economy. 
• In 1713 France and the Grand Alliance signed the Treaty of Utrecht. 
• The Treaty created a new balance of power in Europe that would last for 30 years. 
• France: Louis's grandson, Philip V, was allowed to remain the King of Spain 
• France is allowed to keep Ausaus. 
• The English get naval bases in Gibraltar and takes over the slave trade in Spain. 
• England picked up two French colonies: Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. 
• The Austrians gained the Spanish Netherlands, which became Belgium. 
• Autria picked up French holding in Italy such as Naples. 
• The Duke of Savoy was given Sicily and became the King. 
• In 1720 he grew tired of being the King of Sicily and trades with Austria for Sardinia. 
• Brandenburg elector became the king of Prussia.

Dutch Republic

Discuss ways that the 17th-century Dutch Republic differed from its neighbors, telling how these differences contributed to the country's success.


The Dutch Republic did not operate in the same way as the rest of Europe. Its differences helped make the Netherlands become a respectable nation and  led to what is known as the Golden Age of the Netherlands. The Dutch Republic was very well-rounded in a multitude of subjects, ranging from agriculture to politics. The Republic became so respected that citizens of bordering countries immigrated there to experience the quality of life. France and England may have been more structurally sound than the Dutch Republic, but those countries did not excel as well or grow as rapidly as the Netherlands. The Dutch Republic achieved success, and also received recognition from the rest of Europe by developing their own goods to increase the standard of living, providing freedom and toleration for minority groups, and distributing power among several executive authorities.


The standard of living in the Dutch Republic was unusually high for its time. This aspect of Dutch life can be boiled down to the fact that most of the resources that the people used were made or found there. The Dutch were skilled craftsmen and they made or grew the resources they needed, and if they did not have something, they made sure that they received it in the most efficient way possible. Artists and scientists alike created useful tools and ideas that would culminate in the Scientific Revolution. All of the goods and resources procured in the Republic itself, the Netherlands experienced wealth. They did not have to spend excess amounts of cash on imports, instead they could focus on putting the money to good use building fine houses or providing patronage for the arts. The Dutch became a trading nation with the Far East, increasing its wealth two-fold. The Dutch lived moderately and worked more on developing items for trade. All of this gave everyone living in the Netherlands a high quality of life. 


The Netherlands became a sanctuary for anyone who sought religious toleration. The neighboring countries religiously persecuted minorities with inquisitions and suppression. Once Arminians received religious toleration in the Dutch Republic, many other social minorities flocked to the Netherlands to evade the harsh rule of  their home countries. The boosted population soon helped to increase the wealth of the Dutch even more than it had been. The cultures of each new religion helped define the culture of the Netherlands as a whole. This separated the Dutch from other cultures in which one religion was clearly dominant and the others were suppressed. Even though the Dutch republic was not free from faults, it provided a place of refuge for people who had faced bitter hardships for their religion. This helped the Netherlands grow into a powerful nation.   


The aspect of the Dutch Republic that greatly contributed to its success was its unusual, albeit effective, way to run its political system. Power was given to multiple people called "stadholders" and "burghers" who had limited but equal power. Decisions for the state of the Netherlands could not be made without the consent of the people. This displacement of power helped the Netherlands become more ordered than its neighboring countries. Unlike England and France, control was not given to one group of people or one specific person, instead it was divided up evenly. More time could be focused on the future of the region rather than deciding on political issues. The structure of politics in the Dutch Republic helped make the nation centralized and focused on one specific goal: becoming the most powerful nation in all of Europe. 


In the 17th century the Netherlands grew to be the greatest nation in Europe. Many aspects of Dutch life were not like any other culture in Europe. There was religious toleration, a well run political system, and resources in the Netherlands. These difference helped the Dutch Republic gain respect and glory. The Dutch Republic would never have gained such success had all of these tactics not been put into place. It was the strategy of the people that shaped the Dutch Republic into an ideal nation.   


      

Free Response Practice #1 (Second Entry)

Why are the trials and tribulations of Galileo often considered both predicative of the future of Western Civilization as well as a perfect encapsulation of the context of his own time?


Galileo Galilee was the most revolutionary scientist of the 17th century. His results changed the way people thought about the world they live in. Galileo's writings helped lead to the future of Western civilization. But he also faced many hardships along the way, which were predictable given his times. Galileo's findings in the area of astronomy, most importantly with the stars and the solar system, helped modern science develop; but he could have gone a lot further with his research had he not been hindered by his relatively primitive instruments, his need to evade persecution, and the necessity to make his results easy to understand.  

Galileo can be seen as the father of many branches of science, but most importantly in astronomy. All of his findings were new to the people, and sparked the Scientific Revolution which, in turn, led to the future of Western science. Galileo, one night, noticed that the stars around Jupiter were not the same as they had been on other nights. He had discovered the moons of Jupiter. Galileo accepted Copernicus's view of a heliocentric universe and rejected the geocentric theory. These results were both revolutionary, the latter much more than the former. His findings changed how people thought of themselves in relation to the universe and that led to many other scientists working together to try and discover why this was. Once people understood where they were, they could question why they were and these observations acted as the foundation for the future of western science.

It was not all easy going for the budding sciences, especially for Galileo. Galileo was living in the dawn of the Scientific Revolution and almost everything would be met with hardships. The major tribulation that hindered Galileo throughout his entire career was the lack of specialized instruments. Galileo's work with the stars was made difficult by the fact that he did not have a very powerful telescope. His results were made up of mostly assumed conjecture with extremely limited scientific proof. Galileo's scientific achievements had to be understandable to the common man, or all would be lost. The society and time in which he was living were major setbacks in Galileo's quest for the truth. It would not have been enough for Galileo to understand his findings, he needed to make it so that everyone could understand at least the basics of what he was trying to say. Galileo encountered many problems, but none were as great as attempting to start a revolution but make it known to the people  what science really meant. 

Trying to move ahead to the future while having to keep in mind the limits of one's own time proved to be near impossible for Galileo. Galileo found persecution awaiting him after almost every experiment that he conducted. His main source of trouble was found when he denounced geocentricism and replaced it with his heliocentric view. The Church felt that the Earth had to be the center of the universe, lest all of their teachings be proven incorrect. Galileo had to keep this in mind searching for the correct truth, but discovered that the Church was wrong. He faced the Roman Inquisition because he had not paid heed to the context of his time. Similarly, Galileo disturbed many citizens when he rejected Aristotle's view on the elements; one which had stayed firm for centuries. Galileo presented many ideas that were considered blasphemy in his time, but which he knew would lead to the revolution in science. 


In his prime, Galileo Galilee sparked the Scientific Revolution and helped to shape western and modern sciences. Even though he could have achieved greater things had a few major setbacks not been existent, his experiments were enough to change science forever. All of his problems were directly related to the man's time period. His mind was looking forward to the future while his peers were still following the guidelines of Aristotle. It took one man to change an entire civilization of people, and that man was Galileo Galilee.      

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Peer Review

Grade on a scale of 0-9.
8-9: Well developed thesis supported with credible historical information.
5-7: Partially developed thesis supported with some historical information
2-4: Confused and/or unfocused thesis
0-1: Essay lacks a thesis and demonstrates little to no understanding of the question

Free Response Practice #1

Why are the trials and tribulations of Galileo often considered both predicative of the future of Western Civilization as well as a perfect encapsulation of the context of his own time?


Galileo Galilee was the most revolutionary scientist of his time. His results changed the way people thought about the world they live in. Galileo's writings helped lead to the future of Western civilization. But he also faced many hardships along the way, which were predictable given his times. Galileo's findings in the areas of astronomy and motion helped modern science develop, but his relatively primitive instruments, his need to evade persecution, and the necessity to make his results easy to understand were setbacks to Galileo's genius. 


Galileo can be seen as the father of many branches of science, but most importantly in astronomy and motion. All of his findings were new to the people, and sparked the Scientific Revolution which, in turn, led to the future of Western science. Galileo one night noticed that the stars around Jupiter were not the same as they had been on other nights. He had discovered that Jupiter has many moons. Galileo accepted Copernicus's view of a heliocentric universe and rejected the geocentric theory. These results were both revolutionary, the latter much more than the former. His findings changed how people thought of themselves in relation to the universe and that led to many other scientists working together to try and discover why this was. Once people understood where they were, they could question why they were and these observations acted as the foundation for the future of western science.


It was not all easy going for the budding sciences, especially for Galileo. Galileo was, after all, living in the dawn of the Scientific Revolution and practically everything would be met with hardships. The major tribulation that hindered Galileo throughout his entire career was the lack of specialized instruments. Galileo's work with the stars was made difficult by the fact that he did not have a very powerful telescope. His results were made up of mostly assumed conjecture with extremely limited scientific proof. Galileo's scientific achievements had to be understandable to the common man, or all would be lost. The society and time in which he was living were major setbacks in Galileo's quest for the truth. It would not have been enough for Galileo to understand his findings, he needed to make it so that everyone could understand at least the basics of what he was trying to say. Galileo encountered many problems, but none were as great as attempting to start a revolution but make it known to the people  what science really meant. 


Trying to move ahead to the future while having to keep in mind the limits of one's own time proved to be near impossible for Galileo. Galileo found persecution awaiting him after almost every experiment that he conducted. His main source of trouble was found when he denounced the heliocentric view of the system and replaced it with geocentricism. The Church felt that the Earth had to be the center of the universe, lest all of their teachings be proven incorrect. Galileo had to keep this in mind searching for the correct truth, but discovered that the Church was wrong. He faced the Roman Inquisition because he had not paid heed to the context of his time. Similarly, Galileo disturbed many citizens when he rejected Aristotle's view on the elements; one which had stayed firm for centuries. Galileo presented many ideas that were considered blasphemy in his time, but which he knew would lead to the revolution in science. 


   

France from the Late 16th to the Early 18th Century

1598

• King Henry IV of France issued the Edict of Nantes
• Granted religious toleration to the French Huguenots 
• Established Henry IV as a politique
• The French tax system was problematic
• The nobility was exempt from paying taxes
• Sully is appointed to a position from where he can change the tax system
• He doesn't fix the problem completely, but he makes it so that the taxes are used for something. 
• The Nobility of the Robe saw an increase in the bottom-end of the middle class
• People could bribe their way into positions of power
• 1610 Henry IV died. 
• He was from the House of Bourbon, a prestigious house in France
• His son, Louis XIII is only nine years old
• Adults are appointed to lead the country for him- regents
• Cardinal Richelieu 1624-1642 was the unofficial ruler of France
• He put politics ahead of religion
• He wanted to get rid of the up-and-coming nobles
• He divided France into 32 segments, which were led by intendants chosen by Richelieu
• Middle-class people were chosen to be intendants
• Cardinal Richelieu wanted to suppress the Austrian Hapsburg
• He supported the Protestants in the Thirty Years Wars 
• Richelieu dies and Louis XIII dies shortly afterwards
• Louis XIV came to power as a child. 
• He is known as the Sun king
• Louis XIV has his own chief minister: Mazarin 
• No one wanted to overthrow the power of the king, but just limit it. Known as Lefrondes. 
• They caused Louis XIV to leave France and move to Versailles
• Bossuet was a French bishop and the man who theorized the Divine Rite of Kings. The principal architect of absolutism in the 17th century. 
• Louis XIV said, "I am the state!" He thought of himself as an ultimate ruler, given power by God. 
• Louis XIV increased the power of the intendants 
• The power of the nobility, in turn, decreased
• The nobility, if they wanted to get their power back, needed to prove their allegiance to the king. 
• Jean Baptiste Colbert was appointed to be the Minster of Finance
• He instituted the practice of mercantilism 
• France now had a major colony in the New World: Quebec 
• In 1685, France had a population of 19 million people, 1 million of which are Huguenots. 
• Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes   
• The French working class was full of Huguenots; 20,000 of them left France 

Cromwell

Restoration England- Restore the Stuart line after Cromwell

• Charles I has been executed. 
• Cromwell comes to power
• Charles II is exiled 
• Cromwell sought God's destiny for himself and his people
• As Cromwell was beginning to get on his feet, a misfortune occurred. 
• His vanities were stripped away and he became more religious. 
• Cromwell, sensing that God had a purpose for him, reformed his own life. 
• Cromwell wanted to take power from the Papacy. 
• Charles's execution was supposed to be a sacrifice
• The Levelers wanted to level the field for all classes of people. 
• They stood against Cromwell
• The Leveler men were held captive for their protests and treason
• Leveler women grouped together to help their husbands 
• The women wanted to be seen as regular people in society, and were very revolutionary. 
• Cromwell ordered the murder of Irish soldiers even after they had surrendered. 
• Cromwell thought Ireland as a pitiful colony and was "trying to pacify it."
• Charles II ran away after a battle until he could be smuggled out of the country. 
• When Cromwell returned to London, he was an English Caesar. 
• Cromwell made Great Britain a Republic. 
• Parliament and Cromwell were against each other, Cromwell accused Parliament of being unjust. 
• He called in the musketeers and Parliament was shut down
• Cromwell was striking out against the Commonwealth
• Power would have almost been given to Cromwell, but he refused, claiming that he was working for God. 
• England was being put back together by returning to its original ways. 
• The major generals were employed by Cromwell to shut down everything happening in his country. 
• Jews were given allowance to pray in peace, because Cromwell allowed it to be. 
• Cromwell was told that converting the Jews would lead to the Apocalypse, but he knew that it would only bring about religious change. 
•  September 3, 1658 Cromwell died while a storm was raging over his country. 
• It was said that the devil was coming for his soul. 
• Great Britain was left as a place where anyone could receive the Lord in his own way, without disturbing anyone else. 
• With the Lord Protector gone, it was realized that Cromwell needed a successor. 
• Charles II made himself the king.  
• 23 April 1661, Charles II was crowned king. 
• People were hanged, drawn, and quartered as a ritualistic form of torture. 
• January 30 1661, the remains of Cromwell were dragged out of his tomb and tortured
• The "Cromwellians" worried that the new ruling power would not be good for them.
• A comet appeared in the sky over England and the English thought it to be an omen.
• The next year thousands were killed by the plague and the bodies were piled into deep pits. 
• During the plague during the reign of Charles II 1 out of every 6 Londoners died. 
• Fires leaped up and engulfed many houses, possibly because of the overcrowded conditions of London. 

Grade on Test

88

Remember People, This is Golf: Lowest Score Wins

48. ?

49. Christopher Columbus 

50. Columbian Exchange 

51. Maize 

52. Mercantilism 

53. Joint Stock Company 

54. Puritanism 

55. False 

56. London

57. Dutch Trade

58. No

59. El Greco 

60. Middle-class 

61. Commons

62. Anglicans 

63. Stuarts 

64. Presbyterian 

65, 1603- 1625

66. Divine Rite of Kings 

67. Catholic

68. ?

69. Laud

70. France

71. Royalists

72. Roundheads   

73. Oliver Cromwell 

74. Absolutism 

75. Protector of England 

76. Common Brother and Sisterhood 

77. James 

78. Classical 

79. Hobbes

I am going to cry

1. Martin Luther 
2. 95 Theses
3. ?
4. The Dome 
5. Halloween of ? Freebie 
6. Faith alone 
7. The Bible
8. Papal Hierarchy 
9. Their owners 
10. False
11. German peasantry 
12. Protestantism
13. Calvinism 
14. Treaty of Augsburg 
15. Luther claimed that salvation can be achieved by faith alone.  
16. Luther said that all jobs have equal merit. 
17. John Calvin 
18. Geneva, Switzerland 
19. Freebie
20. Huguenots 
21. King Henry VIII
22. Mary I
23. Anabaptists 
24. Pope Julius II
25. Council of  Trent  
26. False   
27. New Revised Standard
28. Loyola
29. To convert the New World to their religion . 
30. 16th 
31. Raphael  
32. Ferdinand II 
33. Spanish Armada 
34. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre  
35. Edict of Common Brotherhood
36. 300
37. Treaty of Augsburg 
38. Protestant Union 
39. Catholic League
40. Catholic
41. Protestant 
42. Charles V and James VI
43. Wallenstein
44. Treaty of Westphalia 
45. Augsburg   
46. Germany 
47. France
48. 
    

Notes for the Test

James I- 1603

• Marked the end of the Tudor line and the beginning of the Stuart line. 
• James believed in the Divine Rite of Kings, where the power to kings came directly from God. He quarreled with the Puritans over the outcome of the Catholic Church. 
• When James died, his son became king. 

Charles I- 1625

• Charles was very much like his father. 
• He supported the Anglican Church and opposed the Puritans. 
• In 1628 Charles signed the Petition of Rite which stated that in return for grants of money he would make the laws that the king could not make a tax without the acceptance of Parliament, and that people could not be put in jail without due process of law. 

The Scottish army went to Northern England to fight against the English. 

• Charles needed to raise money to fight in this war against the Scots.  
• 1640-1648 Charles recalled Parliament into session, which caused a crisis. 
• William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury was beheaded.  

English Civil War

Puritans

• The Puritans declared war on any sign of Catholicism in their churches. 
• Charles I was married to a Catholic, which his Puritan followers did not like. 
• Many people took the stance of Puritanism, wanting to stop the king from flaunting the word of God. 
• The Lord presented his religion as an order and anyone who refused was punished. 
• The Divine Rite of Kings was written by Charles I in 1625. 
• This allowed for him to be above his own laws. 
• Feb 28, 1638 a national covenant was signed and then brought to a place where many Scottish common folk signed their names on the covenant. 
• Charles thought all of these people to be rebels, and they needed to be stopped. 
• Charles wanted to fight, but he could neither raise money or men, and a truce was made. 
• Charles called upon Parliament would help, but they were still bitter about him shutting them down. 
• Parliament lasted only three weeks before it was suspended again by Charles. 
• The only other option that Charles had was Thomas Wentworth. 
• Wentworth was an Irishman. 
• This did not help Charles at all, and only made his circumstances worse. 

DBQ Format Quiz

What is the range of scores for a DBQ essay?
A score of 1-9


If a DBQ answer does not have a thesis statement, what is the highest score it can get?
     Four

If there are twelve documents, what is the bare minimum of documents that must be cited in the DBQ?
     Seven

Explain what bias is.
     Bias is explaining a document with context.
    
Explain what groupings are.
     Grouping are sections of the DBQ that have a similar topic.

Cite document five.
     (Document 5).

Notes November 12

• The Habsburgs wanted to reverse the Protestant gains in the Holy Roman Empire. 
• France wanted Germany to have a stable political hold. France wanted to trade and have diplomacy with Germany. 
• Denmark and Sweden are Lutherans and support the Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire. 
• In 1618 war broke out between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League: The Thirty Years Wars
• Phase I: 1618-1625: Bohemian Phase 
• Began as a civil war between Catholics and Protestants in Bohemia. Catholics were led by Ferdinand II. The Protestants were led by Frederick V. 
• The Habsburgs and Catholics take control of Bohemia. 
• Phase II 1625-1629: Danish Phase 
• King Christian IV of Denmark intervened and supported the Protestants. His armies fought Albert Wallenstein who was a Catholic. 
• Wallenstein destroyed the Protestant forces. 
• Ferdinand issued the Edict of Restitution, restoring land back to the Catholics. 
• Phase III: 1630-1635: Swedish Phase 
• The Protestants are worried because they have lost two rounds of fighting to the Catholics. 
• The Protestant's and their dutch and French allies turn to Gustavus Adolphus, the King of Sweden. 
• He defeated Wallenstein and his forces. 
• Phase IV: 1635-1648: The French Phase
• Aldolphus died and France saw that the Protestants are in need of help. 
• The Dutch, French, and Swedes are all fighting against Catholic Germany. 
• Westphalia, in 1648, was the place where many diplomats met. They wanted to do something to cease all of the fighting. The treaty said:
• Each of the independent German principalities gained the right to conduct its own peace treaties and have its own diplomacies.  
• The rulers were allowed to establish religion and Calvinism was accepted. 
• Independence of the Dutch republic is recognized. Switzerland was also recognized as being neutral.
• The French annexed Alsace. 
• The consequences of the war for Germany included many casualties because of the Thirty Years War. More than 1/3 of the German speaking population. 
• The Treaty of Westphalia did nothing to unify Germany. It remained an amoeba of many different nations. 
• France was technically the winner of the war, even though there was no real winner.
• France would be the leader of Europe for a while after the war.

Notes November 10

• In 1603 England and Scotland came together under James Stuart, king of both nations. 
• He wanted to be known as the king of Great Britain. 
• King Charles I observed Edgehill, the same place another man had called heaven on earth, but he saw it as a battleground for civil war. 
• The son of James, Charles, fought James Stuart in the English Civil War. 
• At the heart of the wars was an argument about freedom and liberty. 
• Parliament represents the English people in the English government. 
• The Gunpowder Plot- James, a protestant, kicked the Catholic clergy out of England. In 1605 a group of Catholics conspired to blow up Parliament. 
• Guy Fawkes led the plan. The plan failed and the members of the plot were executed. 
• The Puritans rose under the rule of James Stuart. In 1620, Puritans rode on the Mayflower all the way to the New World. The Puritans wanted to break down the Church, to purify it and all it stood for. 
• James was not friendly towards the Puritans. They thought he had too much power over religion.
• The King James Bible was the official 17th century. 
• James brought the best poets and linguists together to translate the Bible. 
• Charles I is the son of James and he continues in his father's footsteps. 
• He is an absolutist and he fights with Parliament over who should collect taxes. He dissolved Parliament because of their many disagreements. 
• In 1642 the English Civil War began. 
• Parliament troops were known as Rounheads. The cavaliers were supported on all sides by the nobility, and the peasantry.  
• The peasantry sided with the nobility because they knew they would not keep their jobs if the nobility lost. If they had sided with the middle class, even if they had won, no merchant would hire a peasant to work for him, but a king would. 
• Oliver Cromwell  
• Charles believed that kings were demigods and he wanted himself to be obeyed. 
• He would listen to Parliament, but only when he wanted and only about things that he wanted to happen. 
• Charles declared was on Spain, which took a lot of money away from England. 
• Charles went to Parliament with the argument that Protestants needed to conquer. Parliament agreed with that but did not agree with Charles's choice of commander. Parliament gave Charles the money, but knew that they would not have to give any more.
• Henry, the older brother of Charles I died before he could become king. The heir became Charles. 
• 
  

Notes November 5

Women of the Renaissance:

• Christine de Pizan
• The first European to make a living as a writer. She wrote a history of famous women and is referred to as the first feminine activist. 
• Isabelle d'Este
• Born into a ruling family- the Ferrara and she married into the royal family of Mantua. She was an art patron. She was the daughter of the king and queen of Spain. Isabella personified Castiglione's book on how to be a courtier. 

Northern Renaissance:

• Erasmus
• A humanist who worked on, among many other things, editing versions of the New Testament. His best known work is a satire known as The Praise of Folly. Erasmus was a Catholic and he believed that he could change the Catholic Church from within. Erasmus wrote in Latin. 
• Thomas More 
• The leading humanist in England. He was Lord Chancellor under King Henry VIII. He wrote of a Utopian society. He was executed for treason against the King 
• Michel de Montaigne
• He was a statesman and an author. He brought the personal essay into prominence.  
• Johannes Gutenberg
• Invented the printing press in 1456. The first book that he printed was the Bible. By 1500 20 million books were already in print. The printing press allowed the Protestant Reformation to happen. 

Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther
• A Catholic monk who saw that there was a serious problem with the way the Church was being run. In 1517, Martin Luther watched indulgences being sold and saw that the money was going towards the funding of the Basilica in Rome. Halloween, 1517, Martin Luther posted his famous 95 theses on the doors of the cathedral. 
• Salvation is achieved by faith alone
• The Bible is the only valid authority for Christian life. 
• All people are created equal. 
• All vocations have equal merit. 
• John Calvin
• Calvin believed that God is good and people are evil. He thought that very few people would be saved from sin. Calvinism spread across Europe. The heart of Calvinism was Geneva, Switzerland. 
• Counter-Reformation- Many countries tell the Catholic Church to stop doing what they are doing. The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation was the Counter-Reformation. 
• Pope Julius II
• Started the reformation by allowing indulgences to be sold. 
• Pope Paul III
• Council of Trent
• Rejected Luther and what he stood for but then the council did make the Church stop giving indulgences.  The Council of Trent did not agree with Luther about hierarchies, as that could be volatile for the Popes. The Council also resist limiting Papal authority. 

Kaplan European History

Chapter Three: The Renaissance

Roman Catholic Church- 
     After the Christian Church split in 1054 half of it became the Roman Catholic Church. This was centered in Italy.


Eastern Orthodox Church- 
     The other half of the Christian Church became the Eastern Orthodox Church. This was centered in Constantinople.


Crusades- 
     A series of wars fought in a vain attempt to regain the Holy Land for the Muslims.


Bubonic Plague- 
     A deadly disease that came from the Middle East to Europe in the 14th century that was caused by bacteria carried on rats and wiped out 30% of the population.


Gunpowder-
     Invented in Ancient China, the army of China first used gunpowder based weapons against the Mongols. It was not practical at first, as people were inexperiences and archers were much more skilled with their weapons whan with guns. b


Medici- 
    In 14th century Europe, this family grew to wealth and power through their bank and patronage of the arts. The Medici family rulers were Giovanni, Cosimo, and Lorenzo. Each of these people helped the family in some way. The family helped the Pope rise to his position and encouraged painters and sculptors to create works for them.

Oligarchies- 
     In an oligarchical society, power is given to a small portion of the larger society. The wealthy and most well-known people receive the power. This type of ruling system often falls, as the rulers rely to heavily upon the people, mimicking slavery.
     
Condottieri- 
     Leaders of mercenary soldiers of Italian city-states and the Papacy throughout the Renaissance.


New Monarchies- 
     15th century rulers of countries in Europe who brought unity to their nations, thus creating governments that were centralized and stable. All of this allowed for all of Europe to flourish economically.


Humanism- 
     The study of the liberal arts: Greek and Roman Literature, Rhetoric, and History.


Renaissance Man- 
     A person who knows a respectable amount in a multitude of subjects. Loenardo da Vinci is an example of a Renaissance Man, excelling in science and art.


Virtu- 
     A concept of living made popular by Niccolo Machiavelli. It includes all of the virtues necessary for living a peaceful life, but also adds some extra traits which are integral to the up-keeping of the state. Virtu can only be achieved after a person has been virtuous throughout their work.

Perspective- 
     An aspect of art developed by Filippo Brunelleschi in 1413. Brunelleschi painted the outlines of buildings and streets onto a mirror and noticed that the lines in the plane seemed to converge to meet at a point if they were extended. This explained why things that were closer to the viewer appeared larger than things that were farther away. This style was incorporated into art quickly.


Leonardo da Vinci- 
     One of the most well known polymaths to ever walk the Earth. He was born to Pietro and Caterina da Vinci in 1452. Da Vinci was taught by the Florentine painter Verrochio. Not only did Leonardo paint, but he was also a sculptor, architect, botanist, and many other things. Da Vinci was perhaps the most talented man to live.


Michelangelo- 
     Almost doing as much as da Vinci, Michelangelo was also a revered polymath of the 15th century. He and da Vinci were Italian rivals in almost all of their many subjects. Michelangelo sculpted the Pieta and David before he turned thirty.


Frescoes- 
     A type of painting done entirely on plaster on ceilings or walls. Each scene of a fresco is related.


Madonnas- 
     Images central to the ideas of Roman Catholicism, depicting Mary Magdalene with or without Christ Jesus.


Raphael Sanzio- 
     An Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. Raphael, da Vinci, and Michelangelo formed the trinity of great masters of the 15th century. The Raphael Rooms in the Apostolic Place of the Vatican were his greatest works.


Pieta- 
   A sculpture done by Michelangelo depicting Mary Magdalene holding the dead body of her son, Jesus Christ. This piece is very important to Christianity.    


Filipo Brunelleschi- 
     One of the leading men in the Italian Renaissance, Brunelleschi was an inventor and architect. His greatest achievements were engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral and developing the art style of perspective. The Medici family helped Brunelleschi become known to Florence.


Dante Alighieri- 
     As a poet, Dante's most well-known piece of work is the Divine Comedy. It is considered the greatest literary work written in its native language, Italian.


Francesco Petrarch- 
     Petrarch was an Italian poet, scholar, and most notably considered the Father of Humanism. Modern Italian language was engineered using his works as reference. Petrarch's sonnets were models for lyrical poetry.


Giovanni Boccaccio- 
     He studied under Petrarch and became an author. He wrote poetry in the everyday language that was used by the people of Italy. He was not like his contemporaries or any before him, as his writings did not conform to the models used for plot and character development.

Baldassare Castigioni- 
     An Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier, and author known for writing "The Book of the Courtier". This book was semi-autobiographical, with Castiglioni addressing his own life as a courtier.


Niccolo Machiavelli- 
     Political science was founded by this man, who was also a philosopher and writer. His two most notable works were The Prince, which was published after his death, and The Art of War. 


Christian Humanists- 
     The union of the two mindsets of Christians and Humanists. The core belief is that human freedom and uniqueness can be connected  to Christian faiths.


New Universities- 
     Education and learning were the most important things during the Renaissance, and universities began to appear throughout all of Europe. The youth needed to be taught so that the Renaissance could flourish.
     
Fugger- 
     A rival banking family of the Medici, they eventually replaced the Medici and took over most of the assets of the Medici. The Fuggers gained the same power and influence as the Medici had.


Thomas More- 
     Another Renaissance humanist, More was a main counsellor of Henry VIII of England. King Henry appointed More to the position of Lord Chancellor for three years. More was against the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther, and William Tyndale. More is acknowledged as a saint of the Catholic Church.


Desiderius Erasmus- 
     "The crowning glory of Christian humanists," Erasmus was a writing who wrote in pure Latin. Combining his work and Christianity, Erasmus wrote Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament. He attempted to reform the Church from within because he did not believe everything the Church had to offer.


Mysticism- 
     Pursuing to identify with some divine reality or God through a spiritual channeling of emotions. Mysticism focuses on practicing to achieve these realizations of feeling.


Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life- 
     Founded in the 14th century by Gerard Groote, the Brethren of the Common Life was a Roman Catholic faction of Lutheranism. The members of this community gave up their earthly possessions to become closer to God. They lived very meek lives that centered around praying to God.


Flemish Masters- 
     Painters of the 16th century who combined aspects of recent Italian painting with traditions of Netherlandish artists.


New Monarchies (Tudors, Valois, Habsburgs)- The Tudor dynasty was a royal house of Europe from 1485 to 1603. The first monarch of the Tudor dynasty was Henry Tudor. The Tudor house was the union of the House of York and the Lancastrians. The Valois dynasty was a branch of the Capetian dynasty that  consisted of the children of the younger sons of the monarchs. The Valois succeeded the House of Capet and ruled from 1328 to 1589. The Habsburgs are best known as being the origin family of all rulers elected to be the Holy Roman Emperor. They ruled from 1438 until 1740.


Star Chamber- 
     An English court of law that was stationed at the Palace of Westminster until 1641. The chamber acted as a supplementary to the courts in civil and criminal cases. The chamber was established so that important people in society could still be tried in a court.


Inquisition- 
     Institutions established to conquer heretics against the Roman Catholic Church. Usually, the Catholic Church is attempting to gain more followers by forcing people of other religions to convert or leave the city forever.


Holy Roman Empire-              
      A portion of Europe that was in power for a thousand years. The ruler was known as the Holy Roman Emperor. The power of the Empire began to fall to princes in the Middle Ages, and later became only the union of different territories.               

The Prince

Which of the following would be most successful in business today? And what kind of business would they run? Remirro da Orca, Oliverotto da Fermo, Cesare Borgia.

            If the three previously stated men were to live in contemporary times, each one would have a particular trade they would go into. Remirro da Orca would be the leader of an elite organization of shifty characters, namely the mafia or a gang leader. Alexander VI’s son, the duke, trying to rule Romagna, found that it was populated by weak nobles. The duke called upon da Orca to “bring back peace and obedience to authority,” (Machiavelli 7) which he did quite well. Remirro’s downfall was that he was a mighty and a stern man, and the duke knew that the people would not enjoy having this man for a ruler, even though he was the reason for their peace. He ultimately had to be assassinated. Much like a mafia head, da Orca was a good man who many respected for a little while, but could not deal with him for too long for they feared he would become tyrannical. A mafia head’s death, much like da Orca’s, is received with a mixture of relief and horror. He was a good leader and it was a pity that he had to die, but it was inevitable. Remirro da Orca would not be the best in modern business.

            Oliverotto da Fermo would be quite successful as the head of an elite group of bounty hunters. He had the training to fight, as he was trained under Pagolo Vitelli. Da Fermo was also cunning and sly, traits necessary for survival especially back when he actually live and if he were to become a bounty hunter. He knew how to persuade people to give him what he wanted, as shown when he wanted to seize Fermo and tricked Giovanni Fogliani into letting him into Fermo. Da Fermo must have had quite a way with words, not really a necessity for a bounty hunter, but if there ever comes a time that a hunter would need to speak to his target he would need to be extremely skilled. Da Fermo led Giovanni straight to his own doom. While he did order the massacre of Giovanni and the chiefs of Fermo, no actual blood got on his hands, which would make him the organizer of the bounty hunters. But all evil people must meet their end somewhere, and da Fermo was strangled, but not before tasting sweet victory after a savage killing.

            Cesare Borgia and the other two men share the same types of personalities, but they each are very individual people. Borgia, unlike the others, would change with the seasons though always keeping his angry temperament firm. His personality seemed to depend on whether or not he thought he was succeeding. “This duke entered the Romagna with auxiliaries, but afterwards, he turned to mercenaries… whom presently, on handling and finding them doubtful, unfaithful, and dangerous, he destroyed and turned to his own men. And the difference between one and the other of these forces can easily be seen when one considers the difference there was when he had auxilieries, or mercenaries, and when he relied on his own soldiers… he was never esteemed more highly than when every one saw that he was complete master of his own forces,” (Machiavelli XIII). The man knew how he would fare with different people by his side and used that to his advantage. Borgia figured out that he was only as good as the people who represent him and acquired the best people for certain situations. His approach seemed to work to, as the people of Borgia were loyal to him and understanding of him, even of his faults. Cesare Borgia, in today’s career ladder, would be successful as a Major General in an army. His hot temper would keep him level-headed on the battlefield, while his chameleon-like abilities would keep him sharp even if he were to switch platoons at a moment’s notice. Borgia would not be successful anywhere else in contemporary times other than in the army.

_______________________________________________________________

Who is a Prince’s greatest ally?

            In all cases throughout time a prince’s greatest ally is his people. In some cases, the people make the prince what he is, and in other instances, it is the way that the prince treats his people that determine the condition of the governing land. Under any and all circumstances, however, the most important ally a prince needs is people. In Chapter IX of The Prince, Niccolo Machiavelli describes how to be a successful ruler of a principality. “One who becomes a prince through the favour of the people ought to keep them friendly… one who, in opposition to the people, becomes a prince by the favour of the nobles, ought, above everything, to seek to win the people over to himself…” (Machiavelli IX). This passage is reinforcing the notion that a prince needs people to stand behind him, and he must make sure that as soon as he is raised to nobility, he gains their trust. Without their support, he will fall, but with their aid, a prince can be made great. A prince is only as good as his people, and if he makes his people great, they will make him great. This process begins with the prince arming his people. “Rather when he has found them disarmed he has always armed them, because, by arming them, those arms become yours, those men who were distrusted become faithful, and those who were faithful are kept so, and your subjects become your adherents,” (Machiavelli XX). By giving his people arms with which to defend themselves and their land, he gains their faith and trust. These people, being given arms by a respectable ruler, will become faithful to him, defending him with the weapons he bestowed upon them. By giving his subjects gifts, a prince secures his own spot as the head of a principality. While it is in good taste to keep a prince’s direct subjects thinking good of him, it is sometimes even better to let it be known that an alliance should be formed between two friendly principalities. “If the party with whom he allies himself conquers… men are never so shameless as to become a monument of ingratitude by oppressing you… if he with whom you ally yourself loses, you may be sheltered by him… you become companions on a fortune that may rise again,” (Machiavelli XXI) By allying with other parties, a prince secures himself protection from the allied party’s people. No matter if the ally wins or loses their battle at hand, they will turn and aid the principality in some way. This directly helps the prince in his quest to retain his throne. His people are appreciative that he would protect them at all costs, and the people of the other party become acquainted with the prince and may follow under him. In every type of principality a prince’s greatest allies are his loyal subjects.

____________________________________________________________

 According to Machiavelli, when is generosity a good thing?

            In Machiavelli’s The Prince it is insinuated many times that generosity should never be overused. A good prince, Machiavelli believes, should not be generous to everyone, but rather keep them at arm’s length until they prove their worth. This is not to say that Machiavelli is completely opposed to generosity as a means to help oneself become a prince or a more successful prince. The only way to be generous is to be mildly generous in spirit in order to gain loyal subjects. In Chapter IX, Machiavelli states, “one cannot by fair dealing, and without injury to others, satisfy the nobles, but you can satisfy the people,” meaning that it is a necessity for a nobleman turned prince to win over the loyalty of the people so that he can have their faith in him when he really needs it. A good prince would do this by being generous with his newly acclaimed power. Concerning generosity, Machiavelli stands with the notion that sometimes generosity can be the absence of meanness and that it can ultimately gain you loyal subjects just as actually being generous would. Paraphrasing Chapter XVI, Machiavelli states that anyone wishing to be considered a liberal must be willing to tax his people so that he can gain more wealth. This will cause the people to not like him. Only a few people, nobles with almost the same powers as him, will be rewarded by this system but that is all. But, if the system is worked correctly, “thus it comes to pass that he exercises liberality towards all from whom he does not take, who are numberless, and meanness towards those to whom he does not give, who are few,” (Machiavelli XVI)  a prince will be quite successful in his nobility and his subject will be loyal to him. His generosity was simply the absence of meanness, which is the message that Machiavelli was attempting to convey.

_________________________________________________________________

Use the Beatitudes to argue against Machiavelli.

            The Beatitudes and The Prince are two very separate and distinct works, but they each mention the same basic ideals of human life. The two works, however, do not agree on these subjects. In Chapter VI of The Prince, Machiavelli concerned himself with discussing the best way to become a prince. He stated, “The fact of becoming a prince from a private station presupposes either ability or fortune,” which does not coincide with the Beatitudes in the slightest. The Beatitudes, on the other hand suggest that having ability or fortune does not ensure greatness, but being modest and docile will make one a leader. The Beatitudes say, “Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth,” (Beatitudes 5). This line expresses the Beatitudes’ counter argument for Machiavelli’s statement. Machiavelli tried to tell a prince-to-be that he has a very good chance only if he has spectacular abilities or is of wealth, but the Beatitudes tell God’s truth, that if one is quite and gentle, he will rule over the entire world. Machiavelli constantly turns to the topic of ruling over one’s people. Machiavelli glorifies the notion that a prince is permitted to be mean to his subjects; to instill fear in them, in order to be successful. He wrote, “We have not seen great things done in our time except by those who have been considered mean… ought to hold of little account a reputation for being mean, it… will enable him to govern,” (Machiavelli XVI). The Beatitudes suggest otherwise. Machiavelli’s statement of meanness can be revoked when compared to line 8 of the Beatitudes, “Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God.” The Beatitudes tell all of God’s people that they should go towards everyone with an open, pure heart and not with the meanness that Machiavelli seemed to think was a given. The Beatitudes and Machiavelli’s The Prince will always be contesting for dominance over such topics.

___________________________________________________________________

Use Machiavelli to argue against The Beatitudes.

            Arguing against the Beatitudes using Machiavelli’s The Prince sheds new light on both subjects. The Beatitudes, while normally thought of as God’s promises to humanity, applied to Machiavelli’s time do not seem all that practical. Machiavelli wrote his book when Italy was in times of strife and he documented his best thoughts for a future prince. He knew his peers and their beliefs, which did not always coincide with the teachings of the Beatitudes. In the Beatitudes, peace is discussed in, “Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called sons of God,” (Beatitudes 9). Machiavelli protests this, saying, “The Romans, foreseeing troubles, dealt with them at once… for they knew that war is not to be avoided, but is only to be put off to the advantage of others,” (Machiavelli III). If Rome provided an example to any other country or principality, then a valid argument between the Beatitudes and Machiavelli ensues. Kingdoms throughout history either wanted to go to war to prove their power, or saw that war was inevitable and went into battle willingly. Ones who try to make peace every time will be destroyed and wiped off of the map by a kingdom that is not fearful or necessarily kind. The Beatitudes tell man, “Blessed are the merciful, for they will be shown mercy,” (Beatitudes 7). Machiavelli shows the topic of mercy in a new light with, “A prince, so long as he keeps his subjects united and loyal, ought not to mind the reproach of cruelty; he will be more merciful than those who, through too much mercy, allow disorders to arise,” (Machiavelli XVII). Machiavelli’s view on mercy is much truer than that of the Beatitudes’, given the context of the situation. Of the many problems that arose for a prince, having no power of his subjects was one of the ones that was most feared. A prince needed to instill fear in his people if he wanted them to be faithful to him  and that was a priority of high caliber when an entire principality was on the line.   

Nicolo Machiavelli (1469-1527): The Prince, 1513. (1998). Retrieved October 29, 2010 from Medieval Sourcebook: http://www.fordham.edu/​halsall/​basis/​machiavelli-prince.html.

MATTHEW 5:3-12. (1984). Retrieved October 29, 2010 from Bible Gateway: http://www.biblegateway.com/​passage/​?search=matthew%205:3-12&version=niv.

Super AwesomeSauce!

Spain on Prezi

Claire Zurkowski, Jimmy Knell, Brianna Glase, Jordan Martin, Julie Kraus, and 

Hunter Kothenbeutel. 

Medici and Michelangelo

• Lorenzo de Medici was the grandson of Cosimo Medici. 
• Artists of the Renaissance were sponsored to make sculptures and works of art. 
• Patrons supplied the artists with everything they needed while they did their work. 
• For Lorenzo, humanist aspects of life were to be revered and enjoyed.  
• The Pope and the Church did not agree with this view of life. 
• Botticelli was a painter whose work was loved by many except for the Church.. 
• The Bonfire of the Vanities was meant to destroy all humanist art, namely works by Botticelli.  
• Florence annexed the city of Pisa in 1406, making Florence larger. 
• One of the major strategies of campaigns across Italy was siege warfare. This meant that soldiers posted themselves outside of a city and burned the land around it, forcing the people inside to fight or die. 
• By 1454, Florence, Milan and Venice were the three major powers of Italy. 
• They signed the treaty of Lodi. 

• There were threats to Lorenzo's life by rival banking families. 
• The Pazzi family wanted the Medici family out of the way. 
• The Pope had debts to pay to the Medici family, and Lorenzo insisted for the money. 
• The Pope went to the Pazzi family, in the hopes that they would eliminate the Medici family, and in turn, eliminate his debts. 
• On Easter Day in 1478 during a mass in Florence Guilliano Medici, the brother of Lorenzo, was stabbed nineteen times and died. Lorenzo was missing. 
• Lorenzo showed himself to the church, bleeding, but assuring the people that the Medici family had not been destroyed. 
• Lorenzo soon heard that the Pope had sent troops to eliminate the Medici family. 
• He travelled to meet the troops. When he met them, they struck a deal with him. 
• The enemies left with bribes in their hands, and without murdering Lorenzo. 
• Lorenzo took over the city government, so that all legislation would have to go through him. 
• Lorenzo used his wealth and newfound power to his advantage over Florence. 
• This power also gave him the power to make or break an artistic career. 
• One artist who stood out in Lorenzo's mind was Leonardo da Vinci. 
• Da Vinci became Botticelli's rival and Botticelli tried even higher to make one of his paintings a part of Lorenzo's private collection. 
• Savonarola despised the Medici, claiming they were sacrilegious. 
• He thought that Pagan paintings led to Hell and he wanted this revolution to end in Florence. 
• Michelangelo and his talent were noticed by Lorenzo at a young age. Lorenzo wanted to teach this young boy and be a sort of mentor to him. 
• Lorenzo started Michelangelo's career in art and helped to fuel Lorenzo's own art collection. 
• Savonarola gained followers for his belief that if Florence went on the path it was already headed, it would fall into ruin. 
• Even though Lorenzo had helped Florence become a much greater city, he had forgotten to uphold his duties as the head of the Medici bank. 
• Lorenzo had lost the family a portion of their funding, and branches of the bank were forced to close. 
• In 1492, Lorenzo fell ill. 
• He felt that his illness was not only physical, he was worried about his city. 
• He called Savonarola to his deathbed, hoping to find some way to renew his faith. Savonarola judged him harshly and would not give him the promise he had wanted. 
• Lorenzo died at the age of 43, fearing that God would damn him. 
• Savonarola seized his chance to revolutionize Florence. 
• Botticelli embraced Christianity, mostly because he had to under the new rule. 
• He drew many depictions of the apocalypse as described in the Bible. 
• Prostitutes and homosexuals were killed and burned. 
• Jewelry, books, and paintings that were reminiscent of Lorenzo's rule were burned, reminding the people how powerful Christianity was.  
• Botticelli had to throw his own paintings from Lorenzo's time into the Bonfire of the Vanities. 

Perugia

Exports:

         One of Perugia's main exports was chocolate. Chocolate is a main source of income for Perugia and its chocolate confections are world renowned. 

          http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perugia


http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Perugia_italienische_Konditorei_BMK.jpg

          

Pietro Perugino:

           An artist from Perugia, Pietro Perugino mastered the art of fresco painting. He was revered so much in Perugia that he adopted the city's name as his surname. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Vannucci

http://www.letsgo.com/340-umbria-travel-guides-perugia-d

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pietro_Perugino_cat14.jpg

Awesomesauce

Elizabeth I Notes

• Elizabeth became Queen when she was 25 years old and ruled for 44 years.
• When she was 3 years old she was taken to a house where she would live until she became the ruler. 
• Mary, the half sister of Elizabeth, was also sent to that place, but to help with Elizabeth's ascension to the throne, not to be the queen herself. 
• A law was then passed that told Henry only his children that had been born to Anne were valid candidates for the throne.
• Anne then had a miscarriage of a boy. She was beheaded.  
• Elizabeth was inspired by her father's power, and she wanted to achieve that greatness one day.
• Henry VIII's health began to steadily decline and he was no longer the power his daughter envision of him. 
• Elizabeth lost her father, and she did not know what would happen to her in the future. 
• A regency would have to formed until Edward VI came of age to be a fit ruler .
• Elizabeth was taught to handle her life on her own, as her guardians would not help her.
• Her brother was advised to not help her, and he had to obey, still being too young to make his won decisions.  Elizabeth was completely alone. 
• Finally the gossip passed and Edward was allowed to speak to her again. Her life seemed to be brought back together, but things do not stay peaceful. 
• Dudley, Edward's advisor, realized that if Edward died without children Mary, a Catholic, would become Queen. He would be out of a job. So he figured out that he would need to get rid of Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth, Lady Jane Grey would become queen. 
• But Edward died, and Mary became Queen. Dudley was executed. 
• Elizabeth noticed that she could become Queen next  if she behaved herself correctly. She grew quiet and made no more town gossip erupt on her behalf. 
• People were very enthusiastic at the beginning of Mary's reign but the more she tried to reform England back to Catholicism, they grew less fond of her. 
• Protestant martyrs were burned. 
• Elizabeth was approached by rebels and in 1554, their plan culminated into an act that could have ended her life. 
• She was put in the Tower of England, but there was no evidence against her, so Mary had to release her. 
• Then she was placed under house arrest. 
• Mary thought she was going to die, and also that she was pregnant. She was terrified. Her husband persuaded her to reconcile with Elizabeth. 
• This reconciliation was the only way Elizabeth would be the next in line for the English throne. 
• After a very bad political and physical year, Mary had to succumb to the fact that Elizabeth was to be the next Queen. The conditions were that she not reform England from what Mary had done to it. '
• Mary died and in 1558 Elizabeth was crowned Queen of England. 
• Because of all of the problems Elizabeth had faced in her life, she was not afraid of anything being the Queen would do to her. 
• Parliament advised Elizabeth to marry and try to secure herself an heir. She firmly refused. 
• Robert Dudley had a relationship with the Queen. 
• The only problem in his plan to marry the Queen- Robert was married to Amy Robsart. She was soon found dead at the foot of a flight of stairs.  
• The Queen and Dudley were under suspicion and they were not allowed to get married unless the death of Amy Robsart was proven to not be a murder.  
• If Elizabeth were to die, there were four claims to the English throne. One of these was Mary Queen of Scots. 
• After many years of being a prisoner to Elizabeth, Mary was killed. That eliminated one of the claims to the throne. 
• The age of Elizabeth was known as the Elizabethan Age. 
• A man from France came to Elizabeth to ask for her hand in marriage. This would form an alliance against Spain.  
• The Spanish and the English began fighting in 1588. 
• The English armada was a much greater force than the Spanish fleet. The English won the battles.  
• Robert D'oeuvre, the stepson of Robert Dudley, caught the eye of the Queen. The problems they would face if they began a relationship would be scorn from the people because of the vast difference between the Queen and Robert. 
• He was not a good person and he often abused her. 
• With the threat of a rebellion upon her, Elizabeth confessed that she was about to die. 
• At the hour of her death, she appointed James VI to be her successor to the throne. 
• She left England with all of its problems that she had tried to ignore, such as economic problems, religious conflicts, and Parliament's troubles. But she was still revered as the greatest Queen of England.